New Writing Class: The Hidden Psychology of Story Conflict

Conflict is often taught as the engine of plot, but what if it is really the engine of psychological transformation? When we look at story through a symbolic lens, antagonists can be understood not just as external obstacles, but as forces that reveal the deeper inner workings of the protagonist. This is what I’m exploring in my next Story School class The Villain as an Aspect of the Hero’s Psyche, which dives into how story conflict can be understood as a representation of a unified psyche, how this perspective can deepen character arcs and theme, and how writers can use this understanding to create more meaningful and cohesive stories.

But, first, I want to thank everyone who joined the previous class on Ego-Driven vs. Soul-Driven Character Arcs! I loved seeing so much interest in exploring story not just as structure, but as something that reflects deeper patterns of psychological and archetypal transformation.

Today I’m excited to share the second class in this new Story School series, which is now open for registration:

Register here → The Villain as an Aspect of the Hero’s Psyche

The Villain as an Aspect of the Hero’s Psyche writing masterclass by K.M. Weiland about story conflict, antagonists, and character arc psychology

Story as a Unified Psychological Experience

This class grew directly out of a question that naturally follows any discussion about character arc:

If story is really about inner transformation… what is the archetypal purpose of conflict?

We’re usually taught to think of conflict in very external terms. The protagonist wants something. The antagonist blocks it. The plot becomes a struggle between opposing forces.

And of course that’s true.

But what I’ve become increasingly interested in over the years is what’s happening underneath that surface model. Not just how conflict works mechanically—but how it’s also working symbolically.

One of the most useful lenses I’ve found is this:

What if every story can be understood symbolically as representing the movement of a single psyche?

At the simplest level, we might think of the story as representing the protagonist’s psyche.

But we could just as easily say it represents the author’s psyche—since every character ultimately came from the same imagination.

We might even go a step further and say story itself reflects something universal: the shared architecture of the human psyche that all stories naturally arise from.

When we look through this lens, something interesting happens. For example, Luke Skywalker and Darth Vader stop being just two opponents in a space opera. They can now be seen as two differentiated aspects of a single consciousness—one part of the self confronting another.

This also changes how we think about the goal of the story.

Instead of just: Who wins?

The deeper question becomes: What must be integrated to create wholeness?

In this view:

  • The protagonist represents the conscious will—the ego moving toward a goal.
  • The antagonist represents the shadow—the parts of the psyche that are misaligned, disowned, or incomplete.
  • And relationship characters often represent the integrating principle of the Self—the deeper “why” that gives meaning to the journey.

When you start looking at stories this way, conflict stops being just about defeating an enemy or a villain and begins revealing underlying misalignments within the self.

How I First Connected Story and Psychology

One of the first times I really understood this idea that all the elements in a story could be thought of as representing a single psychological whole actually came from studying dream work.

In depth psychology, it’s suggested that when you look at a dream, every part of it represents some aspect of the dreamer.

For example, if you dream about your father yelling at you when you were a child, the figure in the dream isn’t literally your father. Symbolically, it’s a part of your own psyche taking on that energy to communicate something to you.

The same is true if you dream about something beautiful, such as falling in love, finding a home, or finding something meaningful. Those images are also symbolic representations of parts of yourself that you may be recognizing, reclaiming, or relating to in a new way.

That realization really struck me when I first encountered it. And at some point, it hit me: This is exactly how story works too.

Stories are like dreams we experience while awake.

Even when we’re consciously constructing them, they’re still arising from those same deep, symbolic, dreaming parts of ourselves.

We always talk about how stories need a protagonist and an antagonist and supporting characters. We talk about structure and turning points and character arcs and theme. But the more I work with story, the more it seems to me that these patterns exist because they mirror something fundamental about how we experience growth and tension within ourselves.

Story structure isn’t just a technical invention for entertainment. It’s a ready-made playground shaped by our own psychological cycles.

That’s part of what makes stories so powerful. When we encounter a story, we don’t just observe it. We participate in it. Readers and viewers adopt characters into their own imaginations and interact with them through their own inner landscapes. Sometimes, in very real ways, they may even experience those characters more personally than the writer who created them.

I’ve always found that fascinating. It suggests that what we’re doing when we tell stories isn’t just arranging external events. We’re working with something much more interior and symbolic. That realization is really what led me to develop this class.

What We’ll Explore in the Class

Building on this perspective, in this class we’ll be exploring:

  • How every character can be understood as part of a unified psychological perspective
  • Why the best antagonists often represent disowned or distorted aspects of the protagonist
  • How polarity between hero and villain functions as the real engine of story
  • The three ways antagonistic energy can resolve (integration, transmutation, or dissolution)
  • Why the most satisfying Climaxes often represent the birth of a reorganized identity
  • How to identify the psychological role each major character plays
  • How to design conflict that reveals theme naturally
  • How to consciously apply this perspective to the design of conflict and character relationships
  • How this can help you design conflict that feels more inevitable, cohesive, and meaningful

We’ll also look at how this plays out in familiar stories—from romance structures and archetypal character arcs to Star Wars and The Terminator—and how you can apply the same thinking to your own stories in practical ways.

Join the Class

Here’s everything you need to know:

  • The class is pre-recorded and premieres Wednesday, April 15, 1PM EDT.
  • I’ll be in the live chat during the showing if you’d like to attend and participate in the discussion.
  • If you can’t attend live, the replay will be available in your account afterward.

If you’ve found yourself drawn to thinking about story not just as craft, but as something that touches deeper psychological and archetypal patterns, I think you may find this conversation an interesting one.

You can read more and register here:

Register here → The Villain as an Aspect of the Hero’s Psyche

The Villain as an Aspect of the Hero’s Psyche writing masterclass by K.M. Weiland about story conflict, antagonists, and character arc psychology

Bundle for Discount: If you missed the previous class, The Ego-Driven Character Arc vs. the Soul-Driven Character Arc, it explores the difference between transformation driven by resistance and transformation driven by conscious alignment. If you’d like to explore both topics together, you can purchase the two classes as a bundle for a 15% discount.

Writing Mythic Character Arcs and Conflict Masterclass Bundle

Wordplayers, tell me your opinions! When you think about story conflict in your own writing, have you ever thought of the antagonistic force a reflection of the protagonist’s inner conflict and character arc? Tell me in the comments!

The post New Writing Class: The Hidden Psychology of Story Conflict appeared first on Helping Writers Become Authors.

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Author: K.M. Weiland | @KMWeiland

Special Editions, Seasonal Podcasts, and the Art of Low-Key Book Marketing with Sara Rosett

Are you tired of the hustle-harder approach to book marketing? What if a quieter, more creative strategy could work just as well — and feel a whole lot better? How can special editions, physical letters, and library outreach bring readers to your books without the daily grind of ads and social media? Sara Rosett shares her low-key approach to marketing, direct sales, and the creative business of being an indie author.

In the intro, dealing with uncertainty, and Becca Syme’s Quit books; The Successful Author Mindset; Building resilience and the creative lies that writers tell themselves [Wish I’d Known Then]; On Writing – Stephen King; Big Magic – Elizabeth Gilbert;

This podcast is sponsored by Kobo Writing Life, which helps authors self-publish and reach readers in global markets through the Kobo eco-system. You can also subscribe to the Kobo Writing Life podcast for interviews with successful indie authors.

This show is also supported by my Patrons. Join my Community at Patreon.com/thecreativepenn 

Sara Rosett is the USA Today bestselling author of over 30 books across 1920s mysteries, cosy mysteries, and travel mysteries, as well as nonfiction for authors. She’s also the co-host of the fantastic Wish I’d Known Then podcast.

In this episode:

  • Why low-key, personality-driven marketing can be more sustainable than aggressive advertising
  • How to pitch your books to libraries using a simple email strategy
  • The pros and cons of special editions, physical letters, and Kickstarter campaigns
  • Shifting from retailer-first releases to direct sales through a Shopify store
  • Co-writing nonfiction and the power of series bundles for reader discovery
  • Drawing creative inspiration from other industries and international storytelling trends

You can find Sara at SaraRosett.com and at WishIdKnownForWriters.com


Transcript of the interview

Jo: Sara Rosett is the USA Today bestselling author of over 30 books across 1920s mysteries, cosy mysteries, and travel mysteries, as well as nonfiction for authors. She’s also the co-host of the fantastic Wish I’d Known Then podcast. Welcome back to the show, Sara.

Sara: Hi, Jo. Thanks for having me. It’s great to be back.

Jo: It is great to have you back. You were last on the show five years ago, around February 2021, and we talked about writing a series — and you have a great book on that. But first up, give us an update. What does your author business look like right now, and what are you up to with your writing?

How Sara’s author business has evolved

Sara: Well, it’s changed a lot.

I sat down to think about this and I thought, yes, I have got into direct sales. I’ve done Kickstarters. I have a Shopify store now. I’ve really shifted from releasing first on the retailers. I don’t really do that anymore. I’ve done some special editions, some physical things — I’m sure we’ll talk about those later.

Still doing the podcast with Jamie, the Wish I’d Known Then podcast, we’re still doing that. I also have a Mystery Books podcast, which is an episodic podcast that comes out in seasons. I do a short season, about one a year, so I keep doing that. Writing some nonfiction.

I did the trope book with Jennifer Hilt for mystery and thriller. And writing-wise, I’ve created a spinoff, a short spinoff in the 1920s series. I’m still loving the 1920s timeline. But I’ve slowed down a little bit on the releases. Busy, but good.

Jo: Busy, but good.

All right, we’re going to get into all of those things. Although I must say I had forgotten about your Mystery Books podcast and going to seasonal. I also had my second podcast, Books and Travel, which is now on a kind of hiatus, but going to a seasonal approach is actually really interesting.

Do you find that listeners come back to that podcast?

The power of a seasonal podcast

Sara: Yes, and it surprises me because I’ve always thought you have to be weekly with a podcast to gain any traction at all, which I think is the best way to do it. You can build an audience quickly then, but I just knew I couldn’t sustain that.

So when I set out, I started with maybe seven to ten episodes and I did them each year — each year has had a season — and I do five to ten episodes. Readers find it, and I have highlighted specific books. I think maybe they’re searching for a podcast about the Thursday Murder Club or something like that.

They find it that way, and I get downloads, just steady downloads throughout the year, and I don’t do much. I do some Pinterest pins for that, and that’s about all I do. This is one of those things — it’s the kind of low-key marketing that’s low threshold, but it does work.

I think if your readers are looking for stuff to listen to about the topic you write about, it could be a good way to do some low-cost, long-tail marketing. I love it. I keep doing it because I love it.

Jo: That’s great.

Low-key marketing that fits your personality

Jo: As you mentioned, I really wanted to talk to you about this low-key, non-hype marketing. We’ve met in person a number of times, and I think we’re quite similar — we’re quiet, reserved.

We are quite low key. I just put content out, and yes, I do some paid ads or whatever, but I just don’t find the hype marketing something I want to do. I like the attraction marketing, and I feel like I do intuitive marketing.

So how does your low-key marketing fit with your personality?

Sara: Well, I did try some of the more promotional marketing. I tried to have a street team back when I heard authors talking about that.

I thought, oh, I’ll do a Street Team, and that doesn’t really match with my readers. My genre — that’s just not a thing that happens a lot there. So I backed off of that, and I’ve tried ads. Not really interested in those. I’m not really good at them, and I don’t really want to get good at them.

So I’ve searched for ways that I can find readers that don’t rely on ads. I’ve really focused on my newsletter, and I have two of those. I have a main one that goes out to my readers who sign up in the back of the book. And then I have a New Release in Historical Mysteries newsletter that goes out about twice a month most of the time.

That’s just curation. I’m saying, hey, these are the new books that are out. I feel like those are easy to do. They fit with my personality, which is like, here, let me give you some information about what’s going on in this genre. I do newsletters, the promo sites, the smaller promotional paid ads — I do those occasionally. I have a rotation that I go through, and I try to get a BookBub. If I can, that’s great.

I’ve just done things that are leaning into what I feel comfortable doing.

Pitching books to libraries

Sara: A lot of it is finding small sites where I haven’t run an ad. Let me see if there’s anybody who wants to sign up or get a free book through me here. I’ve done some BookFunnel marketing, where you can join the group promos. I like those.

And I’ve reached out to libraries because I feel like my books appeal to libraries. They like the 1920s historicals. It’s an easy way to reach people — it’s attractive to libraries.

So I had a list of libraries in my state, and I have an assistant who helps me out. She emailed down the list. She picked a few every week and messaged them and said, hey, this is a local author. She lives in this state. Here are some books you might enjoy from her.

And I have, because of you, large print — I got into that when you started talking about large print a couple of years ago. So I have large print case laminate books that libraries like. I just do things like that, things that are not the norm.

Hardly anybody is talking about marketing to libraries. But I try to do that. Sometimes I’ll just think of something. I was at the library and I thought, wow, look at all these hardcover case laminate books they have in this large print section. Maybe I should try that. And then I search out and try to figure out if I can do it.

Jo: And just for people who don’t know, case laminate is a hardback.

Sara: Yes.

Jo: That’s really interesting. You mentioned the libraries and the list. Was that a list you were able to buy? I remember years ago I had someone on the show who was doing that kind of thing. Or was it that your assistant had to go through and find all the libraries, find an email address, that kind of thing?

Sara: I think I found it through Sisters in Crime, which is a mystery writers’ organisation, and I think they had a contact list — you could get libraries and bookstores in your area.

I think I started with that and then just research. And I’m sure now with AI, you could put in where you are and say, in a radius of 250 miles, what is near me? And you could probably get a great list.

Jo: Absolutely. And when the assistant is emailing, is it just information about you and then saying, would you like to buy? Because you have a big backlist, and we don’t want to be sending loads of expensive hardbacks to libraries unless they’re actually going to buy. What’s the process to actually sell to them?

The library email approach

Sara: I wrote up an email and introduced myself. I leaned into the “I’m local — I live in the same city or state that you’re in.”

Then I described my most popular series and said the first book is this. I put a link to a PDF that they can go look at. I think it’s on my website, and they can go see the books. They can print that out, of course, and it has the ISBNs. I make sure they know they can order them from Ingram, and that’s all I do.

Then when I had a new release, we switched it up and put that at the top. But I have all the books in the series so they know it’s a series.

Jo: That’s fantastic. I love that.

Set-and-forget promotional marketing

Jo: A lot of what you were talking about was newsletter, email marketing, some ads, but nothing aggressive — as in you’re not monitoring it every single day. The email pushes, like a BookBub or free books, bargain books — you can book it and then it’s almost set and forget, isn’t it? You don’t have to log in every day to check the results. Is that what you mean?

Sara: Yes. And I like those because they are set and forget. You just have to remember to drop the price and then reset it on Amazon, and then they send it out to their list and hopefully you get some traffic from that.

I like that much better than Facebook ads, because with ads I feel like you have to go in and monitor the comments and check on how they’re doing. It’s a more full-time type job. If you’re doing a lot of ads, it’s a couple of hours — for me anyway, because I’m not very savvy with it and I’m not as experienced. So it would take a long time to increase my knowledge there.

Jo: To be fair, both of us have had many years when we could have become experts, but the fact is it doesn’t suit our personalities.

I am now working with Claude Code a bit more to do Amazon ads, but even then we go in once a week and Claude does a few things and then we log out again. I’m not doing this daily stuff, and I may eventually get back into doing it for Meta. But in terms of what I mean by low-key marketing — it’s lower stress when you don’t have to do stuff every day.

And I guess what you’re doing with the Mystery Books podcast, with the library pitches, with the batching — is that what you’re doing? Putting aside time for marketing occasionally?

Sara: Yes. And that’s what I do. I’ll think, oh, I haven’t checked Kobo promos, so let me go check that, because I do use those too.

I’m wide, so I’m trying to find things that bring my books to readers everywhere. I use the Kobo promos, I use Kobo Plus, I use Draft2Digital to get digital books into libraries. I’m always running — if they have a library sale anywhere, I sign up for it and I just do these occasional things.

It’s not every day, and I like doing things in phases. I like doing a special edition and working on that and then being done with that and putting that away and going back to writing or whatever. I don’t mind doing promo for a little bit, but then I don’t want to do it every day.

A project-based approach to the author business

Jo: We are similar in so many ways. I also have this project approach to life and business. If I’m writing a first draft of a new book, pretty much everything else goes out the window.

Sara: Yes.

Jo: Exactly. I just don’t have the bandwidth. I’m not in that head space.

And then, as we record this, I’ve got a Kickstarter coming up for Bones of the Deep and yesterday I did the book trailer, and I’ll do the push for the Kickstarter and then I’m just going to stop.

Sara: Well, the positive way to look at that is it’s focus, right? We can focus for two weeks or a month or whatever — two months doing a Kickstarter or whatever — and then we’re done with it, and then we move on.

Jo: That just seems more sustainable to me. I didn’t like doing everything every day or every single week.

Sara: Me either. I like switching it up, and I do enjoy the different phases of writing.

I like the research and then I like doing the — well, I don’t like the drafting that much, but once I get a draft done, I like the editing. And then when it comes time to promote it or do a special edition or whatever, I enjoy that part. Finding whatever I’m going to use for the interior photos and stuff — just things like that. I enjoy each phase and I like switching it out.

Jo: I think that’s really good. Some people think this writer’s life is you write new words every single day and you manage your ads every single day. That seems to be what some people do, but that’s certainly not us, is it?

Sara: No. And that’s great if you want to do that. I just don’t want to. And I think we’ve come to the point now where each person can do this as they want. Hopefully people don’t feel the pressure to meet these self-imposed deadlines or parameters that don’t exist. There’s no rules for writing or publishing. You can do whatever you want.

Social media — or not

Jo: Let’s just mention social media then. What are you doing for that?

Sara: Not much!

Jo: Nor me!

Sara: I’m dabbling in Pinterest because I think that could have the longer tail. I do a little Instagram, but that is about it. And I really considered just leaving it altogether.

I’m never on Facebook. We were talking earlier about saying no, and I don’t want to join any more Facebook groups. I don’t care what information they have. I figure I’ll hear about it on a podcast if it’s great.

I think social media has changed so much. In the beginning, it was great — you could find readers. Now it’s just much harder to connect with readers there. I want to have a presence so that if people go look for me, they’ll find my books and hopefully find a link to download a free book and read it or an audiobook and listen to it. Then they can get on my newsletter and connect with me there. That’s my philosophy.

Jo: I think so too. I am on Instagram @jfpennauthor in that I do post pictures there, and even very recently I’ve discovered how to do a reel, which is just hilarious — I’m only about seven years late.

But I don’t check my DMs, so if anyone messaged me on Instagram or Facebook, I’m just not getting them.

Sara: I know. And I feel like there’s so many places people can connect with you. I put up a post on Facebook and said, I’m not going to be here much anymore. If you’re looking for me, you can find me on Instagram maybe, or sign up for my newsletter to really stay in touch.

Jo: I think that’s what we have to do. But our idea of this project-based approach to the author life and the author business doesn’t suit social media, because the people who are really good on social media are on it multiple times a day, creating content multiple times a day. It just suits some people and not others.

Sara: I do things and I take pictures and think, oh, I’ll put this on Instagram. And then I don’t ever do it. One time we went on a road trip and I took a bunch of paperbacks and dropped them off in the free little libraries. I took a picture at each one and I never posted those ever. I ran across them years later and thought, oh yeah, I did it but I didn’t post it on social media. That’s just not my thing.

Special editions and physical design

Jo: Although you did just say that you like doing the art and the photos, and you’ve done some beautiful special editions. You’ve done letters, you do a lot of physical design for your books. So talk about that — why you’re doing that, why it’s fun, and the pros and cons, because it can be a time suck and a money suck.

Sara: Yeah. I think you have to figure out where your gauge is for that, because you can go all in and do everything for the special editions.

I’ve come to the conclusion I’m going to survey my readers before I do another one and say, what do you really like about them? Because I do mine and release them on my Shopify store first — is it just that you’re getting it first, or do you like all the bells and whistles?

I enjoy doing the endpages and the ribbon, and I’ve done character art for them. But since my books are set in the 1920s, there’s a lot of photos from that time period that are available. In Deposit Photos, you can go in and search for those.

The last two books I did, I used photos that I thought captured what the characters would look like. That was a lot of fun to find and just include photos instead of character art. And it was a lot faster than waiting for character art too.

The pros are that it’s fun and you get to do things you don’t normally get to do — finding beautiful illustrations for the endpages, doing the sprayed edges, just making it really special.

Storytelling through letters

Sara: I enjoy doing things that you can’t do on Amazon. You just can’t do letters on Amazon.

With both Kickstarters, you could get three physical letters in the mail. They were a story told through letters, and they had art. The first one was black and white, and then the second set was colour.

Since then, I’ve done colour, and it’s a challenge to write those because it’s a totally different type of writing. It’s a 1,000 to 1,500 word little snippet, and where you end is important so that readers will be looking for the next one.

Including art — whether it was a map, illustrations of what the view looks like, what the house looks like. Not that I illustrated it — I had somebody else help me do that.

It’s fun to think about how stories can be told in different ways. I love novels, but 70,000 words is a lot of words. That’s a big project. Sometimes it’s nicer to have a shorter project. The letters were shorter and a shorter time investment. I enjoyed them for that.

For the cons — it’s just a longer ramp up to get it going. If you want to do a special edition or letters or book boxes or anything like that, just estimate how much time you think you need and then multiply by three or five, because it’s going to take so much longer than you think. Would you agree with that, with your special editions?

Jo: Yeah. Although I think now I’ve got a process for it.

Although, I did my book trailer for Bones of the Deep yesterday, and it reminded me — the book trailer is 30 seconds, and it took me nearly ten hours!

Sara: I do believe that though. I completely believe it.

Jo: Because I’m a bit of a control freak. I love working with Midjourney. I say I think I’m a control freak — of course I am. We all are as indie authors.

But I’m a very visual author, and you sound like you are as well. I see the book, and if I’m generating pictures of the characters or the ship or what happens in the storm or whatever, then it needs to look like what’s in my head. So I end up generating and generating, and then I did music and then — yeah, it’s very creative, but it takes a heck of a long time.

From Kickstarter to Shopify store

Jo: Coming back to your letters and your Kickstarters — I did go check. It’s been a while since you’ve done those. Have you changed to using your Shopify store, and will you do another Kickstarter?

Sara: I may do another Kickstarter. I do feel like I found new readers on Kickstarter. That’s a pro definitely — people will see your work that maybe would never see it on Amazon.

It’s a much smaller pool to stand out in. Whereas on Amazon there are thousands and millions of books, on Kickstarter there might be five historical mysteries or two at that moment. So it’s easier to stand out.

I’ll probably do another Kickstarter, but to me it was difficult with the prep that went into it. Then the launch, and the launch kind of stressed me out. I know we talked to you on our podcast before your first Kickstarter and you were a little stressed, so I’m not as stressed as I would be with the first one.

But it is a lot to prepare, and I do feel some pressure that I want this one to do well. And then the fulfilment — I like to do things in phases, so I felt like it was hard for me to move on to anything else while I was waiting for the books to arrive, because I didn’t feel done with that until I had sent out the books. It just seemed like it took quite a bit of time.

So with my next release, I thought, I’m going to launch this on my Shopify store and see how it does.

I still did the special edition and I still did a lot of the things I learned to do with Kickstarter, like emailing my list a little more often and highlighting these special things. And coordinating with a couple of other authors in my genre to say, hey, I have a book out and it’s a special edition — you might be interested. And then share their stuff when their book comes out.

The first one I did, I had the book sent to me. I signed them, packed them, and sent them out. But the second one, I said, to save time and money, we were just going to do a digital signature. I had them shipped directly from Book Vault to the reader, and that just helped simplify things so much.

Launching on my store, I didn’t see quite as many sales or bring in quite as much money as I did on Kickstarter, but it took a lot less time. I feel that was a good trade-off. It simplified the time it took to do it, so I was able to get back to writing more quickly.

The second one I launched on my store as well. I’ve done the spinoff series on my store — it’s a three-book series — and I’ll probably do the third book on my store too.

Then maybe when I go back to my original 1920s series, which is the one that does the best and is my most popular, I may go back to Kickstarter with that one. I think it’s nice to have the choice to launch on my store or Kickstarter. I can choose — do I have enough time to do it the way I want to on Kickstarter?

Scarcity, direct sales, and training readers

Jo: I feel like launching on my store, there’s less of a time pressure. We don’t really have scarcity in our business, and the only way to make it scarce is to have a limited-time offer. Which to me, Kickstarter by its very nature is a limited-time offer.

Obviously it’s easier for me because I’m near BookVault, so I go up there and physically sign the books, and I like doing that occasionally. But I hear you with the direct store, and I also presume it trains people to buy from your store.

So how has your revenue shifted from the big stores like Amazon, Kobo, to Shopify, Kickstarter, direct sales?

Sara: It’s shifted a lot. I do the Shopify store just like I do everything else — in phases. I’m like, hey, I have a new release. Go buy it at my store. And I have a lot of sales.

I also launched a third set of letters last year around October, leading into November. I said, you can get this series of letters — two a month all year in 2026. Go to my store, sign up for it, buy it there. They’ll be launching in December.

I push it, I talk about it. I do a podcast about the letters or the special edition on Mystery Books podcast. I ran a couple of ads, got the word out, saw some sales, got everything done, and then it just kind of tapers off.

What I need to do is continue to market it, especially to my list — hey, did you know I’ve got these bundles? Did you know you can get bundles of paperbacks or audiobooks over here from me at a discount? I need to work that into my newsletter strategy.

It’s kind of like I use it in phases. I still have books on all the retailers and still promote those and link to them. But that’s not my focus now. If I’m going to send traffic anywhere, I’m going to send it to my store.

My mindset is more on direct sales and the special things I can do — the special editions, the unique things they can only get from me. I’ll still do a BookBub if I can get one, and push that to the retailers. The smaller newsletter sites — I use those to reach readers there. But my focus is definitely on the special editions and doing things on my store that you can’t get anywhere else.

Beyond ebook, audiobook, and paperback

Jo: A lot of people, new authors particularly, are thinking about ebook, audiobook, paperback. And all of those you can get anywhere — for both our books, you can get them in those formats anywhere. And large print as well.

I have large print paperback, and I actually remember, it was probably five years ago when you were here and you mentioned large print hardback. And I was like, oh yeah, I should do that. Of course, I never did. You can’t do everything.

Sara: You can’t do everything.

Jo: You can’t. But I think you probably can do a large print hardback on Amazon now with KDP Print — you can do hardback — but none of them are as good quality as the printing we get elsewhere.

Also, as you say, all those special things — you actually can’t sell them on Amazon. People can sell them secondhand or whatever, but you just can’t do that. So I think that’s the creative fun of having your own store or doing Kickstarters or selling direct — just all the other fun things that satisfy us creatively too. Because it’s not all about the readers, is it?

Sara: Right, because we want to be enjoying what we’re doing. We don’t want it to be a slog.

Jo: What’s the fun in that?!

How long Sara has been an indie author

Jo: Just remind us how long you’ve been doing this now.

Sara: My first book came out in 2006. It was traditionally published, and I had a series of ten books with a traditional publisher.

Then as that one was getting near the end, I was experimenting with indie — was a hybrid for a while. Then I went all indie pretty much.

Jo: In what year?

Sara: That was probably — I think my first indie book came out in 2012. So for a while I was trying to do indie and a traditionally published book, and that was very — I felt like I was torn in all kinds of different directions. I thought it was going to be so much simpler just to do this all myself. Maybe not, but —

Jo: Pros and cons, as we said.

Co-writing the Mystery and Thriller Trope Thesaurus

Jo: One of the things you’ve done recently is co-written a Mystery and Thriller Trope Thesaurus with Jennifer Hilt, who’s been on this show as well as your show. Tell us about co-writing, because I don’t think you’ve done much co-writing.

Sara: No, I hadn’t. That was the first co-written book I’d ever done. And it was a great experience. Jennifer Hilt made it so easy. She has several books in this Trope Thesaurus series, so she had a format and we just used her format.

We took the tropes and divided them up. She took half and I took half, and we went off and wrote on our own and came back together and then we would trade.

It was really easy. I don’t know that this is the way co-writing usually goes, but we did have a contract and we started out with all the normal things — a plan and a contract. We had to decide who was going to coordinate everything for the cover and the copy editing and all that.

When we got done, we used Draft2Digital and did the payment splitting, which made that part easy. It’s been a great experience, and I think it’s just because Jennifer has done this before and she’s really easy to work with. I highly recommend co-writing if you can find somebody like Jennifer who’s already done it and can take you through the system.

Jo: I think that’s the point — if you have someone like Jennifer who has a layout, it’s a bit like the For Dummies series. I had an opportunity to do something with them at one point, and it’s so formulaic in terms of doing it, and then you’re filling it in. Clearly Jennifer’s managing that really well.

The co-writing I’ve done with various people has been pros and cons, but it’s not been in an established series. I love that you say that, but just to warn people — that might not be your experience.

Sara: Yes. And I think it’s so much about personality and how you work together, how you each write, and your deadlines. If you try to set a really close deadline — we pushed our deadline out. We had planned to do a Kickstarter with the launch of the trope book, and then she ended up moving and I had a bunch of stuff going on. We were like, you know what, that’s fine. We won’t do a Kickstarter. And it was okay.

You just have to figure out how it’s going to go. And if you have someone that’s flexible when you need to be flexible, that’s so important.

Jo: Adjusting is the reality of life, isn’t it? And I feel like the Trope Thesaurus — it’s not going to necessarily have a spike sale and then disappear. It is an evergreen book, right?

Sara: Yes. People will find it when they find the series. It’s not something that has to be pushed during a certain time period and then we’re done. It’s a long-term, evergreen type book.

The role of series and bundles

Jo: Talking of series, you’ve obviously got multiple series. People should definitely go look — you’ve got great branding and your series are so clear. What part do series and bundles play in marketing in general, and in your direct sales?

Sara: I like to bundle them for my direct store because I figure I need something special about my store — a reason for people to go there. They can get the books on Amazon and Audible and Spotify and all these places, so why would they go to my store?

I’ve really leaned into bundles for the store, so they can get a three-book audiobook bundle or the whole series in pretty much all my series. They can do the paperback bundling.

I’ve done a paperback starter series bundle where they can get each book one in my first three series bundled together through Book Vault. I thought I really need to do that with the audiobooks. That’s on my list — to create a starter audiobook bundle.

Bundles do well on Kobo. They draw readers in over there. And for the rare times I can get a BookBub, I think bundles seem to appeal to BookBub. If I’m going to pitch something, it seems like they like bundles.

Readers like them too. Part of it is the convenience. You’ve got the whole series together and you can just read one after another. You don’t have to go find it and figure out what order they’re in.

Jo: They do. And I love offering bundles in the Kickstarter as add-ons and on my Shopify stores as well.

Because I’m always surprised — somebody’s just found me and then they order the 13 ARKANE thriller paperback bundle, and I’m like, okay, wow. That just feels like a win.

Sara: Yes. I love to see those come in and you think, oh, I wonder how they found me. Why they would dive in with the seven-book series. That’s fantastic.

Jo: It is interesting. With the paperbacks and the shipping, you drop some money for a complete print series. And then obviously it’s usually a bit less on things like audio and ebook bundles, but it’s still a real commitment.

So yeah, everybody, we love bundles.

Sara: We do.

What Sara is excited about next

Jo: I wanted to come back to the podcast, Wish I’d Known Then, which is brilliant. I often refer to it on this show. Hopefully we share quite a few listeners, and you and Jamie talk about industry changes, personal things. Given all the stuff that’s going on, what are you excited about? What are you experimenting with? What changes are you seeing that you’re enjoying?

Sara: We appreciate the shout-out. Every time you give us a shout-out — and I do think we share a readership. I think you are our most frequently mentioned other podcast. We are always referring to you on Wish I’d Known Then.

What I’m looking forward to is — I like seeing what other businesses or industries are doing and seeing if I can apply that to writing and books. That’s how I came up with the letter idea. I saw some people doing that. I found out later there were some mystery-related mystery letter subscriptions, but I didn’t know about them and they weren’t well known.

I thought, oh, I could try that. So I’m looking forward to doing more creative things that we haven’t had the opportunity to do, but now we are going to have the tech and the fulfilment to do.

Merch could be fun. I haven’t ever delved into that. Translations — I didn’t even mention translations earlier. I’ve done a couple of languages in my historical series, and I think it’s really interesting the options we have now in translation. The books could go into so many more languages, so much easier. So I’m looking into that.

Just reaching out and trying some of these new things that are on the horizon. You’re much more futurist than I am. I’m much more about looking back at the past and going, oh, that was cool. Maybe we can do something similar, but different now.

Finding creative inspiration from other industries

Jo: That’s interesting. How are you finding out that information about what other industries are doing? Because the curation of the information stream is hard for all of us.

Sara: I don’t know. I seem to run across things. I’m always reading and browsing online and seeing what people are talking about.

I did see a post years ago about a company that was doing special edges — limited-edition special edges. When I saw that, I thought, oh, I wonder if I could do that. And I hand-stamped snowflakes on a Christmas book.

Jo: Oh, I remember that. I actually bought a stamp. I got a (skull) stamp made.

Sara: Oh, awesome.

Jo: I never used it!

Sara: Well, it’s a lot of work. It takes time. But they’re very special. Each one is unique, just like a snowflake. Each book has all these different types of snowflakes and ink colours on it.

I’ll see something and think, oh, I wonder if I could do that. And then I’m always consuming really quirky media. I’m into Asian dramas — Korean dramas, Japanese dramas — and I’m seeing trends over there for storytelling. The vertical dramas they’re putting out, super short.

I just wonder what that’s going to turn into in the future. I’m not a video person, but in the future I think there could be short little videos that we could make of our books. That would be just crazy. I don’t know that I would have the skills to do that, but we might be able to hire somebody to do that for us.

Korean dramas and new storytelling trends

Jo: There are lots of AI apps that are already helping with that. I do love making book trailers.

And I have also thought about my short stories particularly — turning them into short videos. I’ve written a few screenplays, so I’m also thinking about that kind of visual-sized content. I also watch a lot of Korean shows.

Sara: Oh, do you?

Jo: I love Korean shows.

Sara: Oh, we have to talk later.

Jo: They’re very good. I also like the Korean sports stuff and the cooking stuff, and they’re just so good at hooking you in.

Sara: Yes, they are.

Jo: They are so good.

Sara: They’re really good at blending genres. And I’ve noticed with their storytelling, they’re doing a lot of these stories they call isekai stories, where the main character falls into a story. I heard somebody talking about it, saying they think that’s popular because we’re so familiar with media entertainment — we kind of know where the story’s going. So that’s a new way.

If your character falls into a fictional mystery and knows who the bad guy is and is trying to prevent a death or something, that’s a completely different story than just a straight mystery.

Jo: That’s interesting. In a way, the LitRPG genre where the character goes into a game, or the character is in a game — I suppose it’s got some relationship to that. But I think K-Pop Demon Hunters is like the most successful film and music and all of this kind of thing. It’s clearly coming to more Western audiences.

Sara: Yes. It’s becoming much more mainstream than it used to be, I think.

Jo: That’s really interesting given that you’re mainly a historical author. Are we going to get 1920s Korea?

Sara: Oh, maybe. That’s an interesting time period. Maybe my character needs to travel there.

Jo: You have a travel series, don’t you?

Sara: Yes. I have a modern, cosy kind of travel series, and then in my 1920s series, it takes place mostly in England, but I have a spinoff with a character who’s gone to Egypt, and I have three books set in Egypt.

Jo: Well, you never know.

Sara: I know. Maybe they need to travel.

Jo: I love it. Okay, where can people find you and your books and your podcasts online?

Sara: Thanks for having me. This has been so much fun. You can find me at SaraRosett.com. My store is SaraRosettBooks.com. You can find the podcast with Jamie and me, Wish I’d Known Then — it’s everywhere, Apple, Spotify. We’re even on Substack now. Yeah, that’s where everything is.

Jo: Brilliant. Well, thanks so much for your time, Sara. That was great.

Sara: Thank you.

The post Special Editions, Seasonal Podcasts, and the Art of Low-Key Book Marketing with Sara Rosett first appeared on The Creative Penn.

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Author: Joanna Penn

Internal Conflict vs. External Conflict: The Shift From Projection to Agency in Character Arc

One of the easiest mistakes in writing is assuming stories are about the external action of defeating the antagonistic force, when in reality they are about what the protagonist must become in order to face that conflict. Internal conflict vs. external conflict reveals how your story’s character arcs operate beneath the plot. The tension between these two forces is what moves characters away from projecting responsibility onto external circumstances and into the difficult journey of claiming personal power.

Most stories frame conflict as something external. It’s something happening visibly in the plot, most obviously an antagonist to defeat, an obstacle to overcome, or a problem to solve. This can, however, be a bit of a misdirection away from the deeper psychological purpose of external conflict—which is to create a theater for the protagonist’s inner conflict.

Creating Character Arcs

Creating Character Arcs (Amazon affiliate link)

Often, what begins as external conflict is actually displaced inner conflict that the characters have not yet recognized. At a deeper level, the difference between internal conflict vs. external conflict is really the difference between projecting responsibility outside of the self vs. claiming personal responsibility and agency.

Sometimes stories unintentionally frame the antagonist as the sole source of the plot’s problems, which can subtly place the power for resolution outside the protagonist. When stories shift the focus back onto the protagonist’s own choices, growth, and capacity for change, it strengthens the character arc. Now, the inner conflict is not just about defeating external opposition, but about moving characters out of projection and into agency, where they can reclaim responsibility for who they must become in order to resolve the conflict.

What’s the Difference Between Internal Conflict vs. External Conflict?

External conflict and internal conflict function as interdependent layers of story. The outer struggle creates the visible plot events; the inner struggle creates contextual meaning for why the plot matters.

Resonant stories braid these together so that the external conflict pressures characters into confronting their inner conflict, while the resolution of the inner conflict allows for a satisfactory resolution of the outer conflict (morally, practically, or both).

Depending on genre, stories may place greater or lesser emphasis on external conflict vs. internal conflict. What’s important to realize is that, first, most stories require both to some degree. There should not be a question of “plot vs. character” in the sense that one is more important than the other. Both are required to create a forward-moving narrative.

Generally, we might think of plot as “proving” a character’s arc. Plot dramatizes the consequences of the character’s internal moral struggles. It proves how functional the character’s internal belief systems and virtuous capacities are by demonstrating their causality in the external world.

An action-heavy story can demonstrate a character’s inner conflict without ever directly referencing it, simply by showing us how well the character’s actions (resulting implicitly from the character’s choices, which result implicitly from the character’s internal perspective and capacity) are operating in the external conflict.

Even the most plot-heavy stories can still function as resonant and penetrating external metaphors of a character’s inner struggles. Likewise, even the most plot-light stories still generally require at least the trappings of some external action—which, in turn, offer causal proof and consequences for the character’s internal ponderings.

The Danger of Treating External Conflict as the Whole Story

So far, so good. But here’s where writers may run into a subtle problem that can unintentionally strangle the life out of a story. It doesn’t matter whether you intend to create a story that showcases the external conflict (i.e., the plot) or the internal conflict (i.e., the character arc and/or theme). In either case, an easy pitfall is allowing the story to over-emphasize the antagonist’s responsibility for the conflict.

Let me say that again.

The easy mistake here is making the antagonist responsible for everything.

But, what? Isn’t the antagonist the bad guy? Isn’t the antagonist the one responsible for the conflict?

Well, yes, but… it takes two to tango, right?

Although stories are often reduced to the simple formula of “the hero defeats the villain,” the deeper note of satisfaction that audiences seek is the hero’s journey toward moral capability. To the degree the story overemphasizes the antagonist’s responsibility for the conflict, it can ironically weaken the protagonist.

However subtly, this stance frames the protagonist as a passive victim. Even when the protagonist seems particularly active in the plot (e.g., rushing about to put an end to the nefarious antagonist’s devilry), the character’s internal landscape can seem, at best, flat and, at worst, shallow and even hypocritical. The strongest stories aren’t so much about whether the protagonist defeats the antagonist, but whether the protagonist becomes someone capable of that victory.

How Projection Shapes External Conflict

The underlying problem with overemphasizing the antagonist’s culpability in the external conflict is, in a word, projection.

In psychological terms, projection is a process in which people unconsciously displace difficult qualities or emotions onto others. Rather than recognizing certain thoughts, impulses, or fears as our own, our minds instinctively externalize them, allowing us to experience them as coming from outside rather than from within. In this way, projection functions as a protective mechanism that helps preserve a stable self-image by relocating inner tension onto the external world.

To one degree or another, we all do this. We could say it is often a necessary starting point for maturation. I would even argue that much of character arc (centering as it does on the movement from a limited perspective–i.e., the Lie—to a comparatively more expanded perspective–i.e., the Truth)—is ultimately a reclamation of projections. The broadening viewpoint afforded by a successful character arc all but demands a corresponding broadening of awareness around the traits (both desirable and undesirable) that the character has projected outside of the self.

Writers often ponder how to link the external conflict and the internal conflict so they seem part of a cohesive whole. Once again, we can return to the idea of the external conflict as a sort of thematic metaphor for the character’s internal conflict (and, again, this remains valid whether emphasis is placed on the external or the internal conflict).

To the degree the protagonist projects undesirable qualities onto the antagonistic force, the protagonist will also likely be projecting responsibility for the conflict onto the antagonistic force. In short, they’re thinking, “It’s all the antagonist’s fault!”

Practically speaking, this may be true.

For example, in a mystery story, the detective (usually) wasn’t the one who prompted the murderer to kill. In a romance, one lover is probably not directly responsible for the other lover’s insecurities and dysfunctional attachment styles. In an action-adventure, the spunky hero might not even have been born when the immortal tyrant-king started enslaving countries. In a generational drama, the children did not prompt the sins of their parents. In a survival story, the protagonist has no power over the dangerous natural elements.

Mirabel confronting Abuela Alma in Encanto, illustrating how character arc shifts conflict from blame to personal responsibility and agency.

Mirabel cannot fix her family’s generational trauma by blaming her problems on the circumstances. Instead, the conflict resolves when she helps bring awareness to the family’s hidden wounds—shifting the story from blame to responsibility and healing. (Encanto (2021), Walt Disney Pictures.)

So why does it limit a story to project all blame onto the plot’s external obstacles (however implicitly)?

For this simple reason: projecting responsibility for the conflict onto the antagonist weakens the protagonist’s practical agency and, more importantly, weakens moral responsibility.

This is not because the antagonist is necessarily any less dangerous, evil, or culpable (depending on the story). It is because stories are not about antagonists.

Stories are about protagonists—and specifically agentic protagonists with the potential to enact external change because they have first proven their capacity to enact internal change. This internal change is only possible to the degree protagonists can expand their personal capacity for responsibility.

Character Arc as the Reclamation of Agency

Even if your plot ends with a victory, it can feel empty if it overemphasizes the culpability of the antagonists over the evolution of the protagonist’s personal responsibility.

But, I hear you saying again, what if the protagonist wasn’t responsible for, you know, the wars, the murders, the trashed relationships, the hurt feelings, or whatever else?

Then, I would say, you’re missing an opportunity to deepen the cohesion of that magic triangle of plot (aka, the antagonistic force), character (aka, the protagonist), and theme (aka, the deeper connection between the two).

The best stories, in my opinion, are more interested in the protagonist’s culpability than the antagonist’s, even when the protagonist’s culpability isn’t, in fact, greater than the antagonist’s.

For Example: Consider Anthony Doerr’s All the Light We Cannot See, which features as one of its main characters a young man serving in the Nazi Army during WWII.

Is he more culpable than the regime that essentially enslaved him and forced him to participate in atrocities? Certainly not. But the poignancy of the story is largely based on the fact that he must still grapple with the complexities of his own culpability.

Even though the culpability of a truly evil antagonist provides the backdrop, it is not this greater evil that interests us so much as the struggle within this young protagonist—which not only embraces the complexity of human morality, but also emphasizes, by its very struggle, the capacity for agency, responsibility, and sovereignty even in the midst of limited practical efficacy.

Werner listening through headphones in All the Light We Cannot See, illustrating a character confronting personal responsibility within a larger external conflict.

Werner is not responsible for the war he is born into, but his character arc gains its emotional weight from his struggle to take responsibility for his own choices within it—illustrating how powerful stories emphasize agency even when external circumstances cannot be controlled. (All the Light We Cannot See (2023), Netflix.)

The danger of simplifying antagonism and making “others” responsible for moral failures is that it necessarily limits the protagonist’s capacity for personal power. Although this may be obvious in stories such as All the Light We Cannot See, it is perhaps even more important in stories in which the “heroes” triumph over the “evil” bad guys.

In overtly heroic stories, it can be comparatively easy and even unintentional to overemphasize an external conflict in which villains must be defeated because they “deserve” it and/or simply as a means of removing obstacles to an otherwise happy ending. Even if the heroes must ostensibly sacrifice in some way (e.g., the best friend dies or they lose a limb), these stories tend to lack the deeper resonance of true psychological transformation.

This is important not just because transformation is dynamic and interesting, but because true transformation is only possible when someone is willing to grapple with the deeper personal issues of one’s own responsibility as the most important catalyst within a conflict.

Moving From Projection to Responsibility in Character Arc

When characters become overly focused on the bad guy—on what he’s doing and what a terrible person he is—they can fail not only to look at themselves, but to recognize their own weaknesses and foibles (which, at some level, are the very things that give them the potential to become antagonists, either to themselves or others). Projection often operates through the strange resonance of fixating on the very traits in others that we are most resistant to examining within our own shadows.

Just as importantly, unclaimed projection can cause characters to displace power onto the antagonist. They fixate on the antagonist as the one who needs to be fixed and the one who needs to change. If the antagonist won’t fix himself, then he becomes someone who must be fixed.

This perspective can blind characters to something much more important than their power to change external circumstances, which is their capacity to change their internal circumstances. In some stories, this might look very practical—for example walking away from a destructive relationship or gaining the skills necessary to succeed at their job. At a deeper level, this is about learning how to evolve beyond the antagonist’s ability to affect the protagonist’s internal state in the same way.

I am no bird; and no net ensnares me- I am a free human being with an independent will Jane Eyre Ruth Wilson BBC 2006 Wallpaper

Jane Eyre’s defining moment comes not from changing Rochester or her circumstances, but from claiming sovereignty over her own inner life, demonstrating how powerful character arcs are built on agency rather than control of external conflict. (Jane Eyre (2006), WGBH/BBC.)

Again, this is particularly resonant when we view story as metaphor. Meaningful change in the external conflict occurs in concert with changes in the protagonist’s interiority. Protagonists cannot overcome the antagonist’s evil without gaining full sovereignty over themselves. We see this mythically in stories about “the Kingdom,” in which the realm symbolically represents the entirety of the self. These old tales are less about the defeat of the external Tyrant or Dragon than they are about the protagonist’s ability to claim dominion within.

Stories that miss this mark often show up whenever the protagonist’s legitimacy comes simply from opposing the “bad people,” rather than from demonstrating inner alignment or earned authority (i.e., the hero is right just because the villain is wrong). These are usually stories more concerned with exploring why “someone else” is to blame rather than with the meatier questions of personal autonomy.

Why Strong Stories Recenter Power Inside the Protagonist

The subtle difference between stories that place all responsibility—and therefore all autonomy and agency—external to the protagonist is implicitly problematic. In focusing on what the antagonist is doing wrong, they project more than just responsibility onto the antagonist.

This is true in stories in which the protagonistic characters have traits similar to the antagonist’s that need to be confronted and overcome. It is, however, especially true in stories in which the protagonistic characters must confront areas in their lives where they are failing to take personal responsibility.

This hyper-focus on external problems prevents them from overcoming what is basically a thralldom to the antagonist. This thrall may be actual and literal because the antagonist is hurting, controlling, or blocking the protagonist in some way. Or it may be more incidental, in that the fixation on the problem sucks more energy into the problem than into the solution.

Harry Potter holding the prophecy orb in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, illustrating how fixation on the antagonist can shape a protagonist’s inner conflict and agency.

Harry’s growing fixation on Voldemort and the injustices of his life begin to shape his choices and emotional responses. His arc highlights how protagonists must learn to take responsibility for their inner lives, even when they cannot control the antagonistic forces they face. (Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007), Warner Bros.)

Although some of what is projected onto the antagonist may point to very real problems, true power is still found in the protagonist’s ability to recognize those projections. Only then can the protagonist create inner transformation and reclaim power from the antagonistic force.

By reclaiming responsibility, we reclaim agency. By reclaiming agency, we reclaim sovereignty. By reclaiming sovereignty, we reclaim power. And by reclaiming power, particularly within the world and metaphor of story, we are then able to enact change from the inside out.

9 Questions to Help You Identify Projection in Your Story

If you’re unsure whether your story’s conflict is strengthening your characters’ agency vs. causing them to project responsibility outward, these questions can help you evaluate how well your characters’ arcs are integrating internal conflict and external conflict.

1. Is your protagonist primarily reacting to the antagonist’s actions? Or is your protagonist making progressively more conscious choices that shape the direction of the conflict?

2. Does your protagonist believe the story’s problems exist entirely because of the antagonistic force? Or will the protagonist be forced to confront how personal limitations are affecting the outcome of the conflict?

3. Is your protagonist trying merely to defeat the antagonist? Or is the protagonist being asked to change in order to resolve the story’s central conflict?

4. Does the conclusion of the story’s conflict happen solely because the antagonist is removed? Or does the conflict resolve because the protagonist develops the inner capacity to create a different outcome?

5. Where might your protagonist be giving away personal power by focusing on what cannot be controlled instead of developing what can be controlled from within?

6. What personal responsibility might your protagonist be avoiding by focusing exclusively on the external conflict?

7. In what ways does the antagonist expose personal weaknesses, fears, or misconceptions the protagonist would rather not confront?

8. Does your protagonist earn moral authority through growth and difficult choices? Or is the protagonist gifted legitimacy simply by opposing the villain?

9. Where does your protagonist need to reclaim agency in order for the ending to feel earned?

***

Enduring stories are rarely about the elimination of darkness so much as they are about the growth of consciousness (although, of course, they’re really just the same thing). When we understand conflict this way, we begin to see that the real movement of character arc is always away from projection and toward the reclamation of responsibility. Even when implicit, this profound shift allows a story’s ending to feel not just satisfying, but true.

Internal vs. external conflict diagram illustrating how character arcs move from projection to personal agency.

Want More?

If this idea of moving from projection to agency resonates, then you might enjoy exploring one of the underlying questions: what if the antagonist isn’t just an external obstacle—but also a symbolic reflection of the protagonist?

This is what I’ll be exploring in my upcoming Story School class The Villain as an Aspect of the Hero’s Psyche. In the class, I’ll be looking at the deeper symbolic pattern underneath the protagonist-antagonist dynamic and how understanding it can help you design more meaningful antagonists and more cohesive conflict. We’ll be looking at some fascinating ways of thinking about antagonists not just as obstacles, but as structural mirrors that can reveal exactly what the protagonist must integrate in order to grow.

The Villain as an Aspect of the Hero’s Psyche writing masterclass by K.M. Weiland about story conflict, antagonists, and character arc psychology

If that sounds interesting to you, I’d love to have you join us. We’ll be talking about how the polarity between hero and villain functions as one of the deepest engines of story, and how you can use an understanding of the deeper psychological symbolism when designing your own plots and character arcs.

The class will go live April 15. It’s pre-recorded, which means I get to join you live in the chat for the whole thing!

(I’m also offering this class in a discounted bundle with the previous class, Ego-Driven Character Arcs vs. Soul-Driven Character Arcs. If you’d like to grab both classes, I’m offering a 15% discount for the bundle.)

Wordplayers, tell me your opinions! How are you currently using internal conflict vs. external conflict to shape your protagonist’s character arc and agency? Tell me in the comments!

Click the “Play” button to Listen to Audio Version (or subscribe to the Helping Writers Become Authors podcast in Apple Podcast, Amazon Music, or Spotify).

___

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The post Internal Conflict vs. External Conflict: The Shift From Projection to Agency in Character Arc appeared first on Helping Writers Become Authors.

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Author: K.M. Weiland | @KMWeiland

Editing a Novel: Self-Editing, And How To Work With A Professional Editor With Joanna Penn

How can you improve your self-editing process? How can you find and work with professional editors and beta readers? How do you know when editing is done and the book is finished? With Joanna Penn

In the intro, Poetry craft and business [The Indy Author Podcast]; A Mouthful of Air; How to get your book featured in local media without a publicist [Written Word Media]; thoughts on faith and code; Wild Dark Shore – Charlotte McConaghy; Bones of the Deep – J.F. Penn.

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Today’s show is sponsored by ProWritingAid, writing and editing software that goes way beyond just grammar and typo checking. With its detailed reports on how to improve your writing and integration with writing software, ProWritingAid will help you improve your book before you send it to an editor, agent or publisher. Check it out for free or get 15% off the premium edition at www.ProWritingAid.com/joanna

This show is also supported by my Patrons. Join my Community at Patreon.com/thecreativepenn 

Joanna Penn How to write a novel

Joanna Penn is an award-winning New York Times and USA Today bestselling author of thrillers, dark fantasy, short stories and travel memoir under J.F.Penn and also writes non-fiction for authors.

  • Overview of the editing process
  • Self-editing
  • How to find and work with a professional editor. My list is at www.TheCreativePenn.com/editors
  • Beta readers, specialist readers, and sensitivity readers
  • When is the book finished?

These chapters are excerpted from How to Write a Novel: From Idea to Book by Joanna Penn, available direct or on all the usual stores.

Overview of the editing process

“Books aren’t written. They’re rewritten.” —Michael Crichton

Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the d’Urbervilles is a classic of English literature. I studied it at school and the scene at Stonehenge still haunts me. Hardy’s Jude the Obscure influenced my decision to go to university in Oxford, a city Hardy called Christminster. His novels are still held in great esteem, which is why it’s so wonderful to see his hand-edited pages in the British Library in London, displayed in the Treasures collection. You can visit them in person or view them online.

Thomas Hardy’s edited manuscript of ‘Tess of the D’Urbevilles, one of England’s greatest writers

While his handwriting is a scrawl, it’s evident from the pages just how much editing Hardy did on this version of the manuscript. There are lines struck through, whole paragraphs crossed out, arrows moving sections around, words and sentences rewritten, and comments in the margins. Even the title is changed from A Daughter of the D’Urbervilles to Tess of the D’Urbervilles as we know it today.

Those edited pages gave me hope when I saw them for the first time as a new fiction author. Not that I thought I could write a classic of English literature, but that I could learn to edit my way to a better story.

There are several stages in the editing process, which I’ll outline here and then expand on in subsequent chapters. As you progress in your craft, you won’t need every stage every time, so assess with each book what kind of editing you need along the way.

Self-editing

The self-editing stage is your chance to improve your manuscript before anyone else sees it. For some authors, this stage might mean rewriting the entire draft. For others, it involves restructuring, adding or deleting scenes, doing line edits, and more.

Developmental or structural edit

An editor reads your manuscript and gives feedback on specific aspects, character, plot, story structure, and anything else pertinent to improving the novel. It is sometimes described as a manuscript critique.

You will receive a report, usually ten to fifteen pages, with notes on your novel, which you can then use in another round of self-editing.

While this is not always necessary, it can be a valuable step and something I appreciated particularly for my first novel when I had so much to learn.

Copyediting and line editing

This is the classic ‘red pen’ edit where you can expect comments and changes all over your manuscript. This edit focuses on anything that enhances the writing quality, including word choice and phrasing issues, as well as grammar, and more.

Some editors split this edit into two, and there are differences between what this edit is called between countries. For some editors, a copyedit includes only attention to grammar and correctness, while a line edit focuses on improving and elevating sentences. Be clear about your expectations and that of your editor upfront.

You will usually receive an MS Word document with Track Changes on as well as a style guide or style sheet and other notes, which you can then use to make revisions during another self-edit.

This is the most expensive part of the process, as editors usually charge per 1,000 words based on the type of edit you want. If you need to cut your story down by 20K, then do it before you send your manuscript for a line edit!

Beta readers, specialist readers, and/or sensitivity readers

Some authors use different types of readers as part of their editing process.

Beta readers are often part of the author’s community and are certainly fans of the genre. They read to help the author pick up any issues pre-publication.

Specialist readers are those with knowledge about a topic included in the story. For example, a vulcanologist read specific chapters of Risen Gods to check that the details about volcanic eruptions were correct.

Sensitivity readers check for stereotypes, biases, problematic language, and other diversity issues.

You will usually receive comments or an email with page numbers or chapter numbers, or sometimes an MS Word document with Track Changes, which you then use to make revisions.

Many readers provide services for the love of helping their favorite author with a novel and a mention in the acknowledgments, but there are some paid services for specialist and sensitivity readers.

Proofreading

Proofreading is the final check of the manuscript pre-publication for any typos or issues that might have been introduced in the editorial process. For print books, this can include a review of the print proof with formatting.

You should only fix the last tiny changes at this point. Don’t make any major changes this close to publication or you may introduce entirely new errors.

Do you need an editor if you intend to get an agent and a traditional publisher?

You will go through an editorial process with your agent and publisher. But if you want the best chance of getting to that stage in the first place, it might also be worth working with an editor before you submit your manuscript to an agent. Look for an editor who will help you with your query letter and synopsis as part of their edit.

Self-editing

I love this part of the process! My self-edit is where I wrangle the chaos of the first draft into something worth reading. I have my block of marble and now I can shape it into my sculpture.

The mindset shift from writer to editor, from author to reader

In the idea, planning, discovery, and first-draft writing phase, it’s all about you, the writer.

You turn the ideas in your head into words that you understand, characters that come alive for you, and a plot that you’re engaged with. In that first rush of creativity, you can banish critical voice and ignore any nagging doubts.

But now you need to switch heads.

That’s how I prefer to think about it, but you might consider it as changing hats or changing jobs. Anything to help you move from the creative, anything goes, first-draft writer to the more critical editor.

There is one overriding consideration in this shift. As Jeffery Deaver says,

“The reader is god.”

With the editing process, you need to turn your story from something you understand into something a reader will enjoy.

Writing is telepathy. It connects minds across time and space.

You are reading these words and the meaning flows from my brain into your brain — but only if I craft the book well enough. The same is true of your novel.

Yes, of course, you want to double down on your creative choices and make sure you achieve everything you want to with your story. But you also need to keep the reader in mind as you edit because the book is ultimately for them.

  • Will your story have the desired effect on the reader?
  • What might help improve their experience?
  • How can you make sure that they are not bored or confused or jolted out of the story?
  • What will make them read on and, at the end, close the novel with a sigh of satisfaction?

My self-editing process

At the end of the first draft, I print out my manuscript with two pages to each A4 page, so it looks more like a book. I put it in a folder and leave it to rest. You need fresh eyes for your edit and this ‘resting’ gives you some emotional distance.

In On Writing, Stephen King suggests leaving a manuscript to rest for at least six weeks. While that is a great idea if you have the time, most authors work to deadline, whether externally set or their own timetable.

Many authors — including me — are also impatient! I love this first self-edit, and as I’m still crafting the story as a discovery writer, I usually rest the manuscript for a week or two.

I schedule blocks of time for editing in my Google calendar and (when not in pandemic times) I go to a café when it opens first thing in the morning. I put on my BOSE noise-cancelling headphones and edit by hand with a black ballpoint pen from page one to the end.

I usually manage ten to twenty pages per editing session of a couple of hours each, but it will depend on the amount of restructuring I need to do.

I scribble notes in the margins, draw arrows to move paragraphs around, write extra material on the back of pages, or add where I need to write more later. I change words, rewrite and delete lines, and pick up any issues around lack of sensory detail, character problems, and more.

You can see an example of a page below:

Some pages end up a mass of black; others are relatively clean. But in this first hand edit, no page goes untouched as I hone my manuscript into something closer to my creative goal.

You can edit on a computer or a tablet, or whatever else works for you, but at least change the font or the spacing, or something to make it a different experience to reading the first draft.

Most writers have a tendency to either overwrite or underwrite, and so will either need to cut words or add words at this stage. I’m in the latter camp so I usually have to add scenes or deepen characters or theme at this point.

Once I have hand-edited the whole manuscript end-to-end, I make the changes in my Scrivener project. I change the color of the flags along the way and, as ever, I back up the session. I also use ProWritingAid at the sentence level to fix up things I missed, because we all miss things!

When all the changes have been made, I print the complete manuscript again, and read end-to-end and edit as before. This time, it’s usually a lot cleaner and there may only be a few things to fix in each chapter.

Once I’m finished, I’ll update the Scrivener project once more and then decide whether it needs a third pass. Mostly, two full end-to-end hand edits are enough for me these days, but sometimes I’ll do a third or go through specific chapters one more time.

This messy editing process is fun for me and it’s hugely satisfying to see my story come to life.

What to focus on in the self-edit

Some authors will go through the manuscript multiple times, focusing on different elements with each pass using the aspects covered in Part 3 and Part 4. For example, they’ll do an edit based on character and dialogue, followed by another pass for plot, then theme, and so on.

Personally, I try to keep the reader in mind and focus on the story as a coherent whole. That’s just how my mind works.

I jump from fixing a plot issue to deepening a character to adding foreshadowing and so on as I read and edit. I’m confident that my editor will find a lot of the smaller things that I might miss, so I concentrate on trying to achieve my creative vision with the story.

You will find your own way of figuring out your process. It’s much better to jump in and have a go at editing rather than trying to work out the best way before you have something to work through.

Lost the plot? Try reverse outlining

If you’re a discovery writer like me and you’re struggling with the edit and you feel you have lost the plot (which definitely happens sometimes!) then consider a reverse outline as part of your editorial process.

Go through the manuscript and write a few lines per scene. Include character, plot points, conflict, setting, open questions and hooks, and any other notes.

This will help you step back and hopefully see the entire story from a high level. Then you can dive back into rewriting each chapter.

Read the book out loud or use a text-to-speech reader to do it for you

Many authors read their book aloud end-to-end, which is a helpful step once you’ve been through any major rewrites.

There are also plenty of text-to-speech tools that can help, for example, Natural Reader or Speechify, and some are built into devices or applications. MS Word includes a Read Aloud tool in the Review tab. This will also help you edit for audio as you’ll hear issues you can’t see on the page.

Editing for audio

Audiobooks are a huge growth market and many readers will listen to your book rather than read it, so it’s a good idea to consider editing with audio in mind at this stage. Here are some tips.

Watch out for repeated sounds. 

The editorial process will usually catch repeated written words, but similar sounding words can hit the same audio note in narration. You might not notice them in the text, as they are spelled differently. The words ‘you,’ ‘blue,’ ‘tattoo,’ and ‘interview’ all start and end with different letters. They look different on the page, but they strike the same audio note when read aloud.

In the same way, repetition can work if you have a point to make, but sometimes it jars the listener if it is overused.

A classic recommendation for writing dialogue is to use ‘said’ with a character name rather than other words like ‘uttered’ or ‘pronounced.’ This is because ‘said’ disappears for the reader on the written page. But with audio, the repetition of a word is highly noticeable, and repeated sounds can dominate a passage.

Rewrite with synonyms for ‘said,’ or use action to make it clear who the speaker is without resorting to dialogue tags, as described in chapter 3.5.

Contractions — or the lack of them — can also become more obvious in audio.

“I am not going to the park,” might be spoken as “I’m not going to the park.” When we type dialogue, it is often more formal than the way someone speaks, so check if you can contract it in your edit.

Accents can be an issue with fiction narration.

There are plenty of narrators who do a ‘straight read,’ but if there are accents within dialogue, make it clear where the character comes from. Make sure the narrator knows about the accent choice upfront, otherwise you might not like it in the finished audio. Remember my friend whose novel had an Irish character narrated like a comedy leprechaun instead of the soft lilt she had in mind?

Don’t confuse the reader. 

If you have a lot of characters appearing in a chapter and no clear character tags, you might lose the listener in the detail. 

When reading on paper or a screen, your reader can quickly flick back and see that George was the butler and Angus was the dog, but that’s harder to do when listening to an audiobook. Make sure it’s clear who is who. You may have to remind listeners occasionally by adding character tags. For example, ‘Angus ran alongside the canal’ could become ‘Angus, the golden cocker spaniel, ran alongside the canal.’

For more on audiobooks, check out my book, Audio for Authors: Audiobooks, Podcasting and Voice Technologies.

How many drafts do you need?

The word ‘draft’ means different things to different authors. Some only apply this term to a complete rewrite end-to-end, while others will shift paragraphs around, change some lines, add a new scene, and call that a new draft.

Nora Roberts said in a blog post on her writing craft, 

I work on a three-draft method. This works for me. It’s not the right way/wrong way. There is no right or wrong for a process that works for any individual writer. Anyone who claims there is only one way, or that’s the wrong way, is a stupid, arrogant bullshitter. That’s my considered opinion.

I love Nora’s no-nonsense approach and she is right that there is no single correct process. You have to find your own. But beware of comparing what you call a draft to what another writer calls a draft. It may be something completely different.

Use editing software

Once I’ve finished my hand edits and updated the Scrivener project, I use ProWritingAid on the manuscript. It integrates with Scrivener, so I open my project and go through each chapter.

ProWritingAid picks up passive voice, repetitive words, commas and typos, suggests rephrasing, and even picks up culturally problematic language.

Yes, these are the type of things that an editor will pick up, but I want to hand over a manuscript that is as clean as possible so my editor can focus on other issues. I don’t make all the suggested changes, but it certainly helps improve my writing, and I learn as I go through. You can even create your own style guide so you spell things the same way throughout.

This is also a good chance to check typos according to the version of English you want to use (or any other language). I’m English and based in the UK, but when I published my first novel, I received complaints about typos from my readers, who were mainly in the USA. These were not typos, they were just British spelling!

I decided to use US English in my books because US readers complain about UK spelling, but non-US readers will rarely complain about US spelling because they are used to it. You can set ProWritingAid to the type of English you want to use, and if you specify this later, your editor can pick up on word usage rather than typos, for example, using the term ‘flashlight’ instead of ‘torch.’

When is your self-edit finished?

You will be utterly sick of your manuscript by the end of the self-editing process.

You have read your words so many times you can’t see them clearly anymore. You are so over the whole thing that you want to forget the book altogether. If you don’t feel this way, you probably haven’t self-edited enough!

When you really feel you can’t do any more, it’s time to work with a professional editor.

If you are putting off the end of self-editing, then remember that nothing is ever perfect. You can edit forever if you keep obsessing over changes and going over and over the same material. If your self-edit goes on too long, consider whether perfectionism is holding you back. Set a completion date and hold yourself to it.

How to find and work with a professional editor

If you want your book to be the best it can be, then working with a professional editor is the next step.

An editor’s job is to take your manuscript and help you improve it through structural changes and story development, line edits, suggestions for new material or sentence refinement, and so much more. Different kinds of editors can help you in different ways from constructing the overarching story to eliminating the final typo.

In my experience, good professional editors are well worth the investment as they help improve your book and your craft, especially in the initial stages of your writing journey. They have read so many early-stage manuscripts that they understand the most common problems and know how to help you fix them.

Some experienced authors only use proofreaders for their novels, but personally, I still work with a professional editor on every book and I learn something every time. I am a super-fan of editors!

How to find a professional editor

Consolidation in the traditional publishing industry over the last decade has resulted in many more editors working as freelancers, so authors have a wealth of professionals available for hire in every genre.

You can find lists of approved editors through author organizations. The Alliance of Independent Authors has a list of Partner Members, many of whom are editors. You can also use author marketplace Reedsy.

Many editors use content marketing to find clients — for example, blogging about editing tips, writing books on editing, or appearing on podcasts. I have had lots of editors on The Creative Penn Podcast over the years, so you can listen and see if they resonate with you.

Most authors credit their editors and proofreaders in the acknowledgments of their books, and many authors happily share recommendations on social media in various author communities. If you enjoy a certain novel, it might be worth reaching out to that editor, as you know they are a specialist in the genre.

Check out my list of editors at: www.TheCreativePenn.com/editors

How to assess whether an editor is right for you

I frequently get emails from writers asking me to recommend an editor for their book.

But finding an editor is like dating.

You have to do it for yourself, and it’s likely that you will try a few before you find your perfect match. You may also change editors over your writing life as your craft develops and your needs shift, and that’s completely normal too.

Make sure the editor has experience in and enjoys your genre. You don’t want a literary historical fiction editor working on your YA paranormal romance or your hard sci-fi adventure.

Ensure that the editor has testimonials from happy clients, and check directly with a named author if you have doubts.

Some editors will offer a sample edit for one chapter. This helps both parties decide whether working together is appropriate. The editor can assess what level your manuscript is at, and you can decide whether their editorial style is right for you.

How to work with an editor

When you engage an editor, you will receive a contract with a timeline and a price for the work.

You agree to deliver the manuscript on a particular date and will usually pay a deposit, especially if this is the first time you’re working together. The editor agrees to deliver the edits back on a certain date and also to keep your manuscript in confidence.

You can avoid issues later by communicating expectations up front, so if you have questions about the editing process, ask before you sign a contract.

Many editors are booked months in advance, so once you know your schedule, contact them early and book a slot. Update them if your timings change. Most allow minor slippage, but since editors plan their work around contractual dates, it’s important to be timely with delivery. As a discovery writer, I only book my editor when I am sure of my dates.

Submit your manuscript and, once the edit is complete, you will receive whatever has been agreed. That might be a structural report, line edit, or proofread manuscript, along with a style sheet. It’s usually in the form of an MS Word document by email.

Some editors may offer a call to discuss, but I have never spoken to an editor as part of my process. It has never been necessary. It’s all about the words on the page. If you want a call and it is not specified, then include it in the contract up front along with anything else you’re concerned about.

I consider my editors to be an important part of my team. They help me turn my manuscripts into books that readers love, and I rely on them as part of my business. This is a two-way relationship, and you need to behave as professionally as the editor should. If you find an editor you love working with, pay them quickly and respect their time, and you will hopefully have a long-term business relationship that benefits you both.

How does it feel to go through an edit?

It’s probably going to hurt, especially in the beginning, when your craft is in its early stages. You need fresh eyes on your work, especially at the beginning of your author career. You need feedback to improve.

When I received notes back on my structural edit for my first novel, I didn’t open the email for ten days. I was so scared of what it would say because my novel meant so much to me, and yet I knew it had problems. Of course it did, it was my first novel! So I let the email sit in my inbox until I was ready to face it, and like many things, the fear was worse than the actual event.

Even many years and many books later, I still don’t open emails from my editor until I am mentally ready to face criticism.

Because that’s what it feels like.

It is not the editor’s job to pat you on the back and say, ‘Well done, this is perfect.’

Their job is to help you make it the best book it can be. They are experts and have honed their advice over many manuscripts, so they can spot an issue a mile off.

When you receive that email from your editor, particularly if it’s your first book, make sure you are well rested and in a positive frame of mind. Set aside a good amount of time and read through the comments and the manuscript as a whole.

If you have an emotional reaction, do not email back immediately!

Let the feedback sit with you for a few days, and you will find it easier to see what might need to change.

Once you’re ready, go through the manuscript and work through each change. Don’t just click Accept All on the Track Changes version for a line edit. This takes time, but it’s well worth it because you will learn with every step and you’ll be able to spot your common issues in the future, and hopefully fix them next time. You also need to examine every suggestion to see if you want to make the change.

Do you need to make every change that an editor suggests?

No, you don’t. 

You are the author, so your creative vision is the most important thing. But try to get some distance and assess whether the change truly serves the book, or if you’re just having an emotional response. Remember what Jeffery Deaver said: “The reader is god.”

Consider each editorial suggestion on its own merit. Does it help take the story in the direction you want it to? Will it improve the reader’s experience?

What if my editor wants me to change everything?

Perhaps they are not the right editor for you.

The editor should not fundamentally change your story or alter your creative vision. Their job is to help you shape your manuscript into a better version of itself, and retain your voice and ideas while at the same time improving it for the reader. This is a skillful balancing act, which is why experienced editors are so highly sought after.

How long will the editing process take?

This will depend on the type of writer you are in terms of the first draft. If you outline in great detail and spend time up front making the first draft the best it can be, then editing might take less time than for a discovery writer who only figures out the book after the first draft.

The more books you’ve written, the more you understand how to shape a novel, the more you can write a clean draft, so editing speeds up. That doesn’t mean it gets easier to write a book, but it does mean you know how to find and fix issues.

It will also depend on the length of the book. A 50,000-word romance with one protagonist will be a faster edit than a 150,000-word sprawling fantasy with multiple point-of-view characters.

It will also depend on your experience, so don’t compare your editing time to someone who has written a lot of books.

Give editing the time it needs. You want your book to be the best it can be. But also remember Parkinson’s Law, which I discussed in chapter 4.7 on writing the first draft: “Work expands so as to fill the time available for its completion.” This law also applies to editing.

Set your deadline and schedule your editing time accordingly. Don’t book a professional editor until you’ve been through at least your self-editing process, as it may take longer than you think.

How much does an editor cost?

This will depend on the type of edit, your genre and word count, how experienced you are as a writer, and how much experience the editor has.

Editors usually quote a range on their website and you can also email and ask for a more detailed quote based on your manuscript length and sample.

Every dollar I have spent on editing has been worth it as an investment in my writing craft and the quality of my finished novels. Although my requirements are different now, I continue to use editors and proofreaders for all my books. The more eyes on your novel before publication, the better it will be on launch.

What if you have a tight budget?

When I started out as a writer, I had a day job and I saved up for the editorial process. It was an investment in my craft and a possible future creative career.

If you already have or intend to set up a business as a writer, then you can offset the cost of editors against any profits. But when you’re starting out, you can’t necessarily see that far ahead.

If you’re on a tight budget, then find or set up a writer’s group with others in your genre and work through one another’s manuscripts. You might also have other skills you can barter for editing services, but remember that bartering is subject to tax in many jurisdictions, so don’t assume that it is ‘free.’

What if my editor steals my ideas or my manuscript?

This is a common concern of new writers who think that editors might run away with their book and make millions with their idea.

But don’t worry, editors are professionals. They work within a contractual framework that protects both parties. So make sure you are happy with the contract before you sign it.

If you are really worried, you can register your copyright before you send the manuscript to anyone else. While it is not legally necessary to register copyright — it exists the moment the work is created — there are registration companies in every country that can provide peace of mind. Just search for ‘copyright registration’ within your territory.

Will I need different editors when I’m further along in my writing journey?

Yes, as your craft and experience improves, you will likely work with different editors. You might also choose to use a new editor for a different genre, or work with recommended professionals to take your craft to the next level.

Resources:

• My list of recommended editors: www.TheCreativePenn.com/editors

• Alliance of Independent Authors — www.TheCreativePenn.com/alliance

• The following editing associations offer directories and job posting services: The Editorial Freelancers Association (US), the Chartered Institute for Editing and Proofreading (UK), the Institute for Professional Editors (Australia and New Zealand), and Editors Canada.

Beta readers, specialist readers, and sensitivity readers

Professional editors approach your manuscript with a critical eye based on their knowledge of language, story structure, and genre. But sometimes, it’s a good idea to gain perspective from readers who are not experts on sentence structure or grammar, but comment on the story itself, and their experience of reading it as a whole.

Beta readers

Beta readers are a trusted group of people who evaluate your book from a reader’s perspective before publication. The term comes from the software industry, where early versions are tested in beta before being released to the public.

While there are some paid beta reader services, many authors find people from their existing readership, or from among genre fans in the writing community. Authors usually thank their beta readers in their acknowledgments.

Specialist readers

Specialist readers are experts on a particular topic who read with their expertise in mind. This might be a police officer who checks a crime novel, or a physicist who reads for a science-fiction author.

Sensitivity readers

Sensitivity readers check for cultural and diversity issues, lack of or clichéd representation, and insensitive, inauthentic, or uninformed language, characters, or situations.

This type of feedback can help an author before publication, and can be particularly useful if you are tackling more controversial topics. It can also be valuable when reviewing older manuscripts if you want to republish a new edition, as gendered language has changed, as well as the need for representation, diversity, and inclusivity.

While some criticize sensitivity reading as a step toward censorship, most authors want to make their books the best they can be, and ensure the reader experience is excellent, whatever the genre. Being a fiction writer is also about empathy — with our characters and with our readers — so improving our ability to write about diverse characters is important.

However, authors cannot be experts on what it’s like to experience every race or religion, every body type or disability or mental health issue, or understand every country or culture. Feedback from different kinds of readers can help us write better stories, and it is the author’s choice whether to implement suggestions in the final manuscript.

Do you need all of these types of readers?

No. You don’t need any of them, or you can choose to use some of them for different books, depending on the need.

It’s up to you (and your agent or publisher if you choose to go that route).

At what stage in the editorial process should you use these types of readers?

The book should be as close to the final version as possible. These people are reading with fresh eyes; if they read again later, they can never approach the story with such an open mind.

Most authors will send the manuscript to a select group of readers after the main editorial revisions, but before the proofread. Some authors with more developed careers even use their team of beta readers instead of editors at different stages of the process.

What should you provide to readers?

Provide the manuscript in the format the reader prefers. This could be an MS Word document or PDF. Many established authors use Bookfunnel, which allows you to create a version that can be read on any reading device or phone.

Specialist readers and sensitivity readers have their specific expertise, but for more general beta readers, you need to provide some direction as to what you expect. For example:

  • Did you skip over anything? Did anything bore you?
  • Was anything confusing? Did you have to reread any parts?
  • What did you like?
  • Was there anything you hated or objected to or had a problem with?

How long should you give them to read?

Allow at least two weeks for readers to assess and provide feedback. Be clear on the timeline when you send them the book..

Do you need to make all the changes they suggest?

No, and if you try to, you will end up straying from your creative goal, messing up your author voice, and likely pleasing no one!

Keep your number of early readers small and specific to what you want to achieve. Assess each comment and suggestion on its own merit and decide whether or not to make the change.

Be confident in your creative vision and beware writing by committee, which becomes a problem if you ask too many people for feedback. Only you can decide what you want for your novel.

Resources:

• The Reedsy marketplace includes different kinds of editors, beta readers, and sensitivity readers — www.TheCreativePenn.com/reedsy

• Directory of sensitivity readers — www.writingdiversely.com/directory

• Editors of Color — editorsofcolor.com

When is the book finished?

“I have not yet found words to truly convey the intensity of this remembered rapture—that moment of exquisite joy when necessary words come together and the work is complete, finished, ready to be read.” —bell hooks,Remembered Rapture

You can edit a book forever if you want to.

Every time you read it, you will find things to change. Every time you hire another editor, they will find more. If you work with beta readers, they will also offer opinions.

Your novel will never be finished — until you decide it is.

Nothing is ever perfect. Even if you hire three separate editors and use multiple proofreaders, you will still find a typo or an error in the published novel. Pick up any bestselling book from a traditional publisher, and you will still find an issue somewhere. It happens to everyone.

Look at any prize-winning or bestselling book on Amazon and check the reviews. The more popular the book, the more issues people will find with it. There will never be a novel that satisfies everyone, and that’s fine.

Of course, you must make sure your book is the best it can be, but set boundaries for yourself so you do eventually finish.

  • Have you self-edited your manuscript?
  • Have you worked with a professional editor, or at least worked through the manuscript with other writers to improve it?
  • Have you used editing tools and/or a proofreader?
  • Have you set a deadline to move into the publishing process so you are not editing forever?

If you have been through this rigorous editorial process and you still feel the itch to edit again, be honest with yourself.

Is another round of changes really going to make a substantial difference to this book?

Would it be better to work on the next novel instead of constantly reworking this one?

Are you struggling with fear of judgment, fear of failure, procrastination, or other mindset issues that you need to work on instead of editing? Check out my book The Successful Author Mindset if you think this might be the case.

Strive for excellence, do your best, and then release your book out into the world.

“Set a limit on revisions, set a limit on drafts, set a time limit… The book will never be perfect.” —Kristine Kathryn Rusch, The Pursuit of Perfection and How it Harms Writers

These chapters are excerpted from How to Write a Novel: From Idea to Book by Joanna Penn, available direct or on all the usual stores.

Joanna Penn with How To Write A Novel

The post Editing a Novel: Self-Editing, And How To Work With A Professional Editor With Joanna Penn first appeared on The Creative Penn.

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Author: Joanna Penn

New Writing Class: What Happens After the Positive Change Arc?

Today, I want to share something new with you…

This year, I’m starting a Story School!

For years, I’ve taught story primarily through blog posts and books. But there are some topics I’ve been wanting to explore that need the kind of focused attention that allows us to go deeper.

So this year, I’ll be teaching a series of live classes throughout the year, each one focused on a specific idea I’m super-excited about and that I haven’t had the opportunity to write about before.

Today, I’m announcing that the first class is open for registration:

Register here → The Ego-Driven Character Arc vs. the Soul-Driven Character Arc

Ego-Driven Character Arcs vs Soul-Driven Character Arcs Class Widget Ad

Why Writers Struggle With Character Arcs Becoming Formulaic

This class grew out of some realizations I’ve been sitting with for a while.

When we first learn about the Positive Change Arc or the Lie the Character Believes, it gives us language for transformation (both our characters’ and our own). It gives us a structure we can recognize as a prevalent (even universal) pattern in life.

But almost immediately, writers start asking the next question:

  • How do I keep character arcs from becoming formulaic?
  • If this pattern is universal, how do I create variety?
  • Or how about depth and maturity?

This year, I’ve been writing a lot about the cyclical shape of story. The idea here is that transformation often moves in a recognizable circular shape—but this circle isn’t flat. It’s a spiral (or at least has the potential to be so). It allows us to revisit the same journey, but at deeper levels of awareness.

In real life, we don’t want to keep learning the same lesson in the same way forever. If we do, we’re not actually growing. I’ve come to see that character arcs reflect that same progression.

Two Types of Character Transformation in Stories

Some arcs are ego-driven. They are karmic. These are the stories in which we see the characters resist change. The Lie is dismantled only through the pressure applied by the plot events. In these stories, transformation often feels like confrontation and takes place through conflict.

However, there’s another type of character arc.

These character arcs are soul-driven. They are what we might think of as dharmic. Here, the character isn’t fighting the thematic Truth in the same way. Rather, the movement of the story is about conscious alignment and a desire to embrace change.

Both types of character arcs are valid and powerful. They both create solid and profound plots. But they are not structured in precisely the same way.

In this class, we’re going to explore:

  • How ego-driven arcs operate and how their turning points land
  • How soul-driven arcs diverge structurally
  • How to recognize which kind of transformation is best for your story
  • How to create variation within universal patterns without becoming formulaic
  • How stories like The Alchemist, Princess Mononoke, Howl’s Moving Castle, and The Shawshank Redemption illustrate these differences

How I First Discovered the Power of Character Arc

When I first began studying and teaching character arcs, the Positive Change Arc and the Lie the Character Believes felt like discovering a master key.

At that point in my life, I had written several novels, in which I had always just sort of felt my way through the character arcs. Then Writer’s Digest asked me to work on an annotated edition of Jane Eyre, focusing on lessons writers could learn from this classic story.

As the author of Structuring Your Novel, of course, the first thing I did was sit down with a paperback version of the novel and divide its page count into eighths to help me identify the pacing and timing of structural beats. I did this thinking plot structure would probably be the main thing I would focus on in pulling teachings from the book.

But as I read through and really sat with what was happening at each turning point, I could see the structure of character arc so much more clearly than I ever had.

I saw the Lie the Character Believed, the thematic Truth, the Want and the Need, and the Ghost.

Creating Character Arcs (Amazon affiliate link)

That experience became the foundation for the next book I wrote, which was Creating Character Arcs.

Between the annotated version of Jane Eyre and Creating Character Arcs, something fundamental shifted in my perspective of life, humanity, and the nature of change itself.

My eyes were opened to one of the most important thematic Truths of my life.

Suddenly, so many stories made sense, not to mention so much of human growth. I could see the pattern everywhere—in fiction and in my own life.

That framework still feels foundational to me. It describes a real and necessary stage of growth: the stage where we resist Truth, cling to our limitations, and have to be confronted by consequences before we’re willing to change.

Writing Stories That Move Beyond Problem-Solving

Over time—both in my own life and in the stories I found myself drawn to—I began to notice something else.

Not every meaningful transformation comes through resistance.

In fact, after undergoing a few character arcs of my own dramatic ego-death variety, my entire stance toward change itself became different.

Maturity and experience brought the understanding that some of the deepest shifts come not so much from needing to be hit over the head with the need to change, but from recognizing that a current understanding is incomplete and wanting—genuinely wanting—to step into a larger perspective. This desire isn’t because I’m forced to change or because I’m already failing at something, but because I know there’s more out there than whatever limited perspective I currently hold.

That’s a different posture toward change.

It’s humbler. It’s less dramatic. In many ways, it’s harder to write about because it isn’t fueled by the same kind of obvious conflict.

And yet, when I look at many of the stories that have deeply inspired me over the years—stories that feel mythic, spacious, archetypal—I see this second type of character arc everywhere.

These arcs are about characters who are not simply learning how to function better within the world they already know. These are stories about characters orienting themselves toward something larger than themselves and their own success.

That realization has changed how I think about story.

It has made me more attentive to the kind of transformation that might be best for certain narratives. And it has made me more interested in writing—and teaching—stories that operate at that deeper register.

To me, this shift feels especially relevant right now. We’re living in a time when many of us are questioning not just what we want, but where meaning lies. We need to know not just how to succeed, but how to come into alignment with a bigger perspective.

Stories have always been one of the primary ways we explore those questions, which is why it can be so valuable to understand how we can further our exploration of character arc in ways that feel psychologically true, spiritually rich, and even deeply mythic in nature.

If that resonates with you because maybe you, too, have been feeling the pull toward writing stories that move beyond simple problem-solving and into archetypal meaning, I would love to explore this with you.

Join the Class

Here’s everything you need to know:

  • The class is pre-recorded and premieres this Wednesday, April 1, at 1PM EDT.
  • I’ll be in the live chat during the showing if you want to join the discussion.
  • If you can’t attend live, the replay will be available afterward.

You can read more and register here:

Register here → The Ego-Driven Character Arc vs. the Soul-Driven Character Arc

Ego-Driven Character Arcs vs Soul-Driven Character Arcs Class Widget Ad

Bundle for Discount: In two weeks, I’ll also be teaching a follow-up class, The Villain as an Aspect of the Hero’s Psyche. It explores how conflict itself can be understood symbolically rather than just externally. If you’d like to continue this deeper dive into mythic storytelling, there’s a 15% bundle option available.

Writing Mythic Character Arcs and Conflict Masterclass BundleWordplayers, tell me your opinions! Which types of character arcs do you find yourself writing most often—ego-driven character arcs or something closer to a soul-driven arc? Tell me in the comments!

The post New Writing Class: What Happens After the Positive Change Arc? appeared first on Helping Writers Become Authors.

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Author: K.M. Weiland | @KMWeiland

Writing At The Wellspring: Tapping The Source Of Your Inner Genius With Matt Cardin

What if the source of your best writing isn’t something you control — but something you learn to collaborate with? How can ancient ideas about the muse, the daimon, and creative genius transform the way you approach your work? And what might happen if you stopped fighting the silence and let it become your greatest creative ally? With Matt Cardin, author of Writing at the Wellspring.

In the intro, thoughts on bookstores and Toppings; 20 ways authors can signal humanity and build reader trust [Wish I’d Known Then]; Learning from Silence – Pico Iyer; ProWritingAid spring sale; Bones of the Deep – J.F. Penn.

draft2digital

Today’s show is sponsored by Draft2Digital, self-publishing with support, where you can get free formatting, free distribution to multiple stores, and a host of other benefits. Just go to www.draft2digital.com to get started.

This show is also supported by my Patrons. Join my Community at Patreon.com/thecreativepenn 

Matt Cardin is the multi-award-nominated author of eight books at the convergence of horror, religion, and creativity. His latest book is Writing at the Wellspring: Tapping the Source of Your Inner Genius, which is fantastic. I actually blurbed it as follows:

“A guide for writers who welcome the dark and hunger for meaning. . . . If the page is a threshold, this book will show you how to cross.”

You can listen above or on your favorite podcast app or read the notes and links below. Here are the highlights and the full transcript is below. 

Show Notes

  • How Matt balances a full-time academic career with his creative writing life
  • The ancient concept of the genius, the muse, and the daimon, and why creativity is about collaboration with something beyond yourself
  • Why the silences that come into our creative lives, including writer’s block and inertia, might actually be gifts rather than obstacles
  • The stages of the creative process
  • Living into the dark, and embracing uncertainty
  • How Substack and blogging can organically grow into books

You can find Matt at MattCardin.com or www.livingdark.net.

Transcript of the interview with Matt Cardin

Joanna: Matt Cardin is the multi-award-nominated author of eight books at the convergence of horror, religion, and creativity. His latest book is Writing at the Wellspring: Tapping the Source of Your Inner Genius, which is fantastic.

I actually blurbed it as follows: “A guide for writers who welcome the dark and hunger for meaning. . . . If the page is a threshold, this book will show you how to cross.” It is a great book. So welcome to the show, Matt.

Matt: Well, thank you, Jo. It’s really a pleasure to be here, especially since, as you and I were briefly acknowledging before we started recording, we have overlapping interests to a great degree. So it’s really great to make official contact with you.

Joanna: Indeed. So, first up, before we get into the book itself—

Tell us a bit more about you and how you got into writing.

Matt: Well, I’m one of those people whose story is probably typical in some ways, in that I really wanted to do it from the time I was a child. My father was a great writer, although he was an attorney. He wasn’t a professional writer.

Something about books and reading when I was a child really seriously enchanted me. I was very frustrated when I was so young—and I vividly remember this—that I couldn’t read, because I loved the books that were read to me.

I craved being able to read them for myself. So as soon as I gained that ability in school, it was off to the races, so to speak, and for some reason, a desire to tell stories myself came along with that.

Being a “writer” was one of the earliest life desires, job or career desires, that I expressed. I was one of those young people really into fantasy, horror, and science fiction. So I was reading a lot of it and trying to emulate it and write a lot of it. There was a cinematic component—I was a movie fanatic as well.

I won a local Authors’ Guild short story writing contest when I was a senior in high school and began trying to write stories seriously in college. Then my interest in horror and religion became dominant over time, and that’s what I ended up writing about.

Joanna: Has your interest turned into paid work?

That’s the other thing, because there’s an interest and then there’s making writing more of your income and your business.

Matt: Right. Well, actually, although I have made and do make money from my writing, it has always, always, always remained on the side. My main career, as far as my moneymaking life, first started off in video and media production, which is formally what I got my undergraduate college degree in.

Then I switched into education. I taught high school for some years, and then now for the past, good Lord, 18 years, I have been in higher education. First as English faculty who also taught some religion courses, and then now for the past several years in the administration. I’m Vice President of Academic Affairs at a college.

My writing has been something that I pursued as an avocation. As far as earning money from it, that didn’t happen even with my first publication, which happened on the internet in 1998, I believe, with a horror story titled “Teeth.” It was just free—I didn’t get paid.

That led to paid publication of that story three or four years later, when it appeared as my very first print publication in a Lovecraftian horror anthology from Del Rey titled The Children of Cthulhu. It appeared as the final story, and that was the first time I had received a paycheck. It was a professional per-word rate.

Since then I’ve had several books published and more stories and essays and that kind of thing. I’ve had income sometimes from writing and sometimes I haven’t.

My first book came out of that story. I attended the World Horror Convention in 2001, actually before that Lovecraftian anthology was published, but it had been placed.

At the World Horror Convention, which was in Seattle that year, I met one of the two editors of that book, and that led to me having my first short story collection, Divinations of the Deep, which was not for much money, but it attracted a lot of good attention and some good reviews.

So it’s been like that all along. I mean, I’ve made a couple of runs at saying I would love to just be an author, as it were, but that doesn’t seem to be in the cards for me. And honestly, I’m glad it’s not.

I have made the most money from some academic editing projects that I’ve done. I created and edited a two-volume encyclopedia of the history of horror literature, for instance, for a big academic publisher. Those are work-for-hire projects that I get paid for.

Making money on my own creative vision and my own creative work has been intermittent. It really has proven over time that not having my primary creative, spiritual, and philosophical drive hooked to what I earn my bread by has been a blessing.

I don’t want to take this thing I love and make it be how I have to grind to earn my money. I want to keep it in a protected space. That has been spontaneously what’s happened with my writing career.

Joanna: Yes. I think as you say, there are a lot of benefits of that, especially where you are writing at this convergence of horror, religion, and creativity.

Your writing is very deep. I would say it’s on the edge of academic. I don’t want to say it’s completely academic, because a lot of people will find that difficult. But I think Writing at the Wellspring goes very deep while still being open to non-academic readers.

As you say, I think if you had wanted to make a living with your books, you would’ve had to have gone in at a lighter level, perhaps. Do you think that makes sense?

Matt: Yes, I know what you mean. I want to specify, I know that neither you nor I are saying anything about this as any kind of criticism or condescension to anyone who does make their living as a writer. I mean, I believe you do.

Joanna: Yes, exactly.

Matt: And that’s fine. There really are people who have had significant commercial success from books or other things they’ve written that don’t appear to be making huge concessions to being commercial.

You can make a living as a writer, I think, and really follow your muse and not feel like you have to pander or cater or cheapen it.

Then there are people who have perfectly happily decided to commercialise their work and tune it in whatever way is currently popular. That’s fine. Every writer, every creative person should do what is right for him or her, in my opinion.

In my particular case, I think what you said is right. I do think that I might have needed to change some things, to back off, to word them differently.

Whenever I’ve tried to exert deliberate control like that, it just turns out that it’s not something that my creative spirit wants to do. I don’t really feel like I’m in contact with the work anymore. I’m fine with that. I don’t think I’m doing a sweet lemons type thing. It really is the way it just needs to be.

If it ever proves that me doing it strictly the way I want to do it, going however deep I want regardless of trying to appeal to a paying readership—if it turns out that at some point aligns with boatloads of money coming in, that’s fine. That’s perfectly fine. I’d be open to that.

Joanna: Yes.

Matt: I would be open to that.

Joanna: You mentioned muse there, and with Writing at the Wellspring, the subtitle is “Tapping the Source of Your Inner Genius.” So I think this is a good place to talk about it. As you mentioned, you are leaning into your muse and your inner genius, and you use other terms—daemon or daimon.

I think sometimes people find the word “genius” particularly very difficult because it has the connotation of brilliance in some form. So how can people think about this?

How can we lean into this [genius] side of ourselves?

Matt: Honestly, one thing that I would suggest people do is I would refer them to the TED Talk that Elizabeth Gilbert gave some years ago—was it 2009, 2010, 2011? It’s one of the more popular TED Talks. Elizabeth Gilbert spoke about. I think it’s sometimes given the title “Your Elusive Creative Genius” or something like that.

Her whole talk is about the way in her own creative life, and as she recommends to others, it has been very important for her to seize on the older model that we’re talking about.

The most clear articulation of it is that it used to be the case—and we’re talking about in ancient Western history, back to the Romans and even earlier to the Greeks—that genius was not something that you identified a person as being. It was something that a person had. And I would also say importantly, maybe had them too.

In ancient Roman culture surrounding art and poetry and that kind of thing, the genius was the spirit that might, say, live in an artist’s studio and would provide the same service to that artist as the Greek muses provided to someone who was writing epic poetry or history or something like that.

That understanding of it has continued in various ways down through history. But there was a fateful transition as Western culture went through what we commonly call the Enlightenment and the Renaissance as well.

This was where the term “genius,” while it didn’t lose all those connotations of being an inspiring spirit—something that a person both has and maybe has hold of them—did become internalised to the point where we speak of people as being geniuses., which is exactly what you’re talking about.

I agree, some people listening to this probably have some reservations about this. They don’t want to call themselves a genius because we tend to mean that’s a super brilliant person, some kind of prodigy who is possessed of amazing artistic, creative, or intellectual skills.

Again, that is the result of a cultural, philosophical, psychological, historical transition that occurred several centuries ago. And you still see the older meaning of it being attached sometimes. You think of people who we call geniuses being touched by something.

Well, the older version—where you think of the genius, which in the way I use it in this book and also in my first book on creativity, A Course in Demonic Creativity—the genius is equivalent to the muse, which is equivalent to that other figure that you mentioned, the daemon or the daimon.

It refers to a separate—what seems for all the world to be a separate—centre of intelligence or entity or influence. The thing that gives you both your creative drive and also your ideas, and serves as the source of what comes to you naturally to write. It’s more than just ideas.

When you talk about the ancient Greek daimon, there was a whole well-developed tradition of that in ancient Greek philosophy and religion. A daimon was, in one famous sense, a spirit that you were born with, that the gods had given you. It was like your double, your higher self.

It was the thing that represented your character, your interests, the blueprint and the outline that your life was supposed to follow.

There are great books written about that. There’s a book by the psychologist James Hillman titled The Soul’s Code. A lot of people have read it. It lays out the daimon theory and gives it application to modern instances. The idea is that everybody has a genius or has a muse or has a daimon.

For writers, my recommendation is to say, whether you believe it or not, whether you take it as a metaphor—which is fine—or whether you want to get somewhat mystical and delve into the idea that maybe there’s really a spirit or something, it doesn’t matter.

Productively, with practical, measurable results, you can learn to relate to your creative impulse as if you are collaborating internally with someone else.

It’s the centre of why you’re interested in writing what you want to write, why you want to write the way you want to write, and even the types of things that unfold in the course of your career—both your creative career and the rest of your life, in the mould of the ancient daimon.

I have found that to be a vein of great power and meaning in my own life. I do it exactly the way I’m describing. I don’t actually believe it, but I don’t disbelieve it. I find that in experience, it really doesn’t matter. It works and it may as well be true.

Joanna: I mean, obviously the book has a whole load of ways we can tap into that, but I did like that you talk about stillness and silence, because I feel like that is actually increasingly difficult as authors.

Obviously it’s noisy online and we’re meant to be doing things like social media or interacting with people online. And then the world is just noisy. The news is noisy. There’s lots of things.

How can we use this idea of stillness and silence? Also, any other ways we can practically tap into this side?

Matt: Sure. One thing that wanted to say itself in this book was some things I had been thinking and feeling about silence for a long time. As you say, it can be difficult these days to find what feels like the silence that we need to even get our work done.

We’re talking about the muse or the genius. How can we even hear it when it seems like the clamour of all the pulls that we have on our outward attention has become truly a cacophony?

We have opted for this in many ways through our engagement with social media or other things, but in other ways seems like it’s been thrust upon us. What I want to point out, that has been of extreme importance to me, is that many silences come into our lives as creatives that we resist.

It’s not just that we can’t find the silence and the space that we feel like we need so as not to drown out our creativity. It’s that we have unwanted silences come in, like writer’s block. Or even if it doesn’t feel like a block, just inertia. Just stasis.

I don’t know about you, but I have many, many times found myself grappling with what, for all the world, feels like a totally natural, organic sense of wanting to slip into complete inertia, just total stillness. And that feels like it has been in conflict with my creative drive.

It’s like I have this residual desire and also a sense of duty that I really should be writing. Maybe I have an idea in mind and I’m just not working on it. Or maybe I’m in the middle of a project and I feel like I’m abandoning it. Or maybe nothing’s coming up, but I feel like it should be.

I’m pushing myself, but there’s a division in me where I also just want to leave it alone. Whether that means actually just sitting there silently at my writing table or in meditation, or maybe just going about regular daily life and forgetting about trying to fulfil this creative calling.

I really think there’s a vein of gold to be tapped in the silences that come to all of us. Because as I said, that can be in the middle of daily activity. We have this kind of franticness, some of us, about our creativity. We get wrapped up in it. We feel bound to it.

The thing that so much of the time we want to think is a gift—we’re proud of it, we cherish it, we like our writing—also becomes a burden.

This fantasy of just chucking it all, of just saying, “I would love to be free of it. It’s like something that’s weighing me down. I’m sorry that I roped myself into it. I would love to just sink into complete silence.” This sort of meditative thing, or just muteness—hey, that is valid to hear. That’s valid to heed when it comes up.

I mean, sometimes we have gotten ourselves into situations where we have external responsibilities and deadlines, and it’s important to try and honour those and not be a bad person on the level of just fulfilling practical obligations.

It’s also important to recognise you’ve got silence offering itself to you in all kinds of ways. The more important silence is paradoxically the one that we so often resist if we’re creative people and feel like we have to be making.

The more important silence is not whether or not your outward conditions seem like they’re a clamour and they’re chaotic and they’re distracting and they’re full of pressure. It’s that inner silence.

So I recommend paying attention to when it comes up. And for practical ways—they are endless. Take advantage of early mornings. A lot of people have found great value in getting up earlier than they are used to and making a practice of that, and either just meditating or free writing.

Maybe using, for example, Julia Cameron’s famous practice of morning pages, which has been valuable to me sometimes.

Or doing things like—as I’ve said about the muse and the genius and the daimon—personify your unconscious mind and maybe write down a dialogue between yourself and your creative spirit, whether about your current project or just about your life and your creativity as a whole.

There are various tricks to get in touch with this unconscious part of you, and I really am convinced out of practical personal experience that it’s not necessary to have outer silence and outer spaciousness when you can find it within yourself. You can find it through some of these exercises for getting in alignment with what your creativity wants to do.

You can get in touch with it if you’re paying attention to what you might not recognise as a gift—offering it to yourself. If things go quiet and you think, “Oh no, I should be doing something”—why not let that be a place where things can germinate? Why not let that be the silence that you might not be able to find on the outside?

Joanna: Yes, and I’m feeling guilty here because of course we are producing a podcast episode for people to listen to. I find personally that one of the places I can find silence is when I walk. It’s not obviously silent outside, but I am definitely guilty of always listening to podcasts, often at very fast speed as well.

Sometimes when I go for a walk, I just deliberately do not listen to anything—don’t listen to an audiobook, don’t listen to a podcast—and a lot comes up there.

I have my phone with me, and when I get back from those walks and jot down things that come up in my mind, I will have so many notes of things that have come up in my brain during the walk.

It’s really difficult, isn’t it? Because I know you also love input. You do a lot of research. As I said, your books have a lot of research in them, and so we both like doing the research. But also I definitely find that has to be balanced with the time for letting it come out again in some form, with that mental silence.

You also talk about being uncomfortable, and I feel like sometimes that silence can be uncomfortable as well.

Matt: Yes, it can be. There’s no telling what might come up when you are faced with silence. Again, it’s one of those things—even the outer kind that we think we crave. Sometimes it’s a bit frightening when it comes up, which is why we try to fill it with things, like this podcast episode for example.

There’s a threshold that you can notice you cross sometimes, where what was a natural desire to connect with something that you heard about and found interesting becomes a bit frantic.

Where now, really, what might be good is if you shut off—didn’t go for the next podcast episode or didn’t go for the next click to the website—if you just shut the browser and just sat there and did something else.

You’re kind of, with a little desperateness, trying to fill the void. What you described about needing to get quiet and let things happen—yes.

I love reading and research, but the classic stages of the creative process—first codified, I think, by Graham Wallas, if I remember correctly—they still work. It’s really good sometimes to have a model and understand how it works.

You have what’s sometimes called the preparation stage. All the input, all the research, all the brainstorming, all that kind of thing.

Then the incubation stage can be vastly important. That can get frightening, both because the silence seems somehow threatening, like something about you is going to be exposed. Or maybe that you’re going to lose the thread of whatever it was and it’s never going to come out.

But really, if you just stop and let your muse, let your genius do its thing, let your unconscious do its thing, it will suggest itself again. It will come up on its own. Ideas will come back.

You’ll realise, “Oh, I didn’t know what I was going to do with that character. I didn’t know how these ideas were going to come together. I didn’t even know what this idea for a story, a book, or an essay was going to be.” It comes back up, and with you working with it, it shows what it wanted to be all along.

This whole thing about doing the preparation and then allowing it to incubate and germinate and then sprout when it wants to, that still works.

Part of the reason that we’re scared of the silence, I’m convinced, is because each of us operates in our psychological selves as a closed system. It’s like we each comprise our own cosmos, so to speak.

I know you know that I have worked in horror literature, the literature of cosmic fear. In cosmic horror, as laid out by the likes of Lovecraft and others, the basic effect has been analysed as constituting a disturbance of the universe.

That’s the horror of cosmic horror—the world is transformed into this nightmarish thing in a cosmic horror story, where there’s a haunting, threatening presence that’s out of the ordinary and it’s somehow bound up with the narrator’s interior world.

Life reveals itself as supernaturally or ontologically something nightmarish—there are awful forces that are about to erupt all the time. And whether anybody’s into cosmic horror or not, I think it’s pretty accurate to say that we each constitute our own world, our own cosmos.

A lot of the noise that we make—the mental noise and the complications we introduce into our own lives—is, usually unconsciously, trying to stave off confrontation with the otherness that is outside the barrier of our personal sense of self.

The weird thing is that that otherness is actually in us, and in fact, we can approach it in the figure of the daemon or the daimon or the muse. So creativity is fraught.

You’re dealing with something that you might want to think, “Oh, this is great, it’s going to be the source of my ideas, it’s going to fulfil my creativity.” Well, yes, but it is frightening to think about the fact of something about yourself being beyond yourself and perhaps being out of your conscious control and somehow guiding your destiny.

A lot of people have trouble getting along with their own unconscious, which is another way to put it. There’s a horror, a fear, a dread effect that comes when we feel like we are out of control.

We all face that ultimately—when it comes to our death, for example. There are some spiritual traditions that talk about dying before you die, that being basically the way to enlightenment in those traditions.

Recognising and coming to terms with the fact that this thing that is you, that you call yourself, is transitory. It is only there by being enclosed within and swamped from without by this thing that is not you, which is a sort of void to which you’ll return.

In the book, I deal with some of that, and I talk about it from a non-dual spiritual viewpoint, because ultimately for me, these creative questions have become inseparable from spiritual questions.

Joanna: Yes. And obviously people know about my book Writing the Shadow, which is how we really connected around this Jungian idea of the shadow and the darkness. I agree with you—there’s some really interesting things at the juxtaposition of all of these topics, which we could talk about for a long time.

I do want to ask you around your idea of “living into the dark.”

Because I feel like you do take things beyond just the writing into this idea of living into it. So maybe talk a bit about that. And obviously synchronicity, which is a Jungian psychology concept.

Matt: Living into the dark is the thing that forms the overarching ethos or perspective for me of all this. I got the term from “writing into the dark,” which actually comes from the American science fiction and fantasy author Dean Wesley Smith. He wrote a book titled Writing Into the Dark, subtitled “Writing Without an Outline.”

It’s a great book. I recommend it to anyone. It is about forsaking and foregoing the felt need to outline writing in advance and trusting your creative mind to be able to make up a story in real time. That draws on the deep nature of storytelling to come out right.

Therefore you write into the dark, as if you’re walking down a road where you have a lantern and you can only see one step ahead. You haven’t mapped out the territory.

It was a great metaphor. I had already been thinking in that direction about life and about creativity for some time when I first came across that book. I devoured it and recognised it described how I had already been writing anyway, which is one reason it was so powerful for me.

Then it edged out into a broader understanding for me that I had also been coming up with, that I just ended up calling “living into the dark.” None of us knows where anything is going, that much is obvious. But living into the dark goes farther than that, to embrace this understanding.

I think of this in connection with what so many people, either personally or because of jobs they have where they’re required to think like this. I think of this in terms of the famous five-year plan that so many of us want to draw up.

There’s nothing wrong with a five-year plan or a ten-year plan or a one-year plan. You can come up with that for practical purposes and try and chart where you’re going, but we too often forget that that’s just a fantasy exercise.

We are not actually thinking into the future, nor are we ever actually thinking into the past. Remembering the past, predicting or projecting the future—both are events that are happening right now, in this moment, which is always now. It’s no less now than it was when you and I first started this conversation.

Past and future are projections—mental projections right now. And everything is unfolding in the present in real time, which effectively means what’s going to come next is coming out of—well, we don’t know where it’s coming out of. Darkness.

Living into the dark is living with full-on contact with, and awareness of, and embrace of this fact that we don’t know what’s coming up. That encompasses all of life and all of creativity.

That same darkness, if it’s helpful for you to take on this emotional tenor—which it is for me—can relate to the darkness in cosmic horror fiction, or to some of the rich traditions of darkness, like in Daoism with the yin contrasted with yang. Yin is the dark, moon, feminine aspect of things—the receptive source of the universe.

This idea of living into the dark, of just accepting that we’re all on this journey on a path where we can only see one step ahead, even if that far, has been meaningful to me. It’s been meaningful to my creativity, and I recommend it to anybody to whom it appeals.

It takes a lot of pressure off. I think that’s a guiding meta-theme for me—trying to take the pressure off us from trying to control things that can’t be controlled, and more stepping into that flow of understanding: what’s going to come to me is going to come to me, and my posture toward it, whether I align with it or not, is what’s going to determine my experience of it.

You mentioned synchronicity. It’s interesting. It’s verifiable.

I know a lot of people have verified it for themselves. Maybe some people listening to this have too.

It’s verifiable that when you really get in tune with this present-moment thing and get in tune with your creativity—and you can tell when you’re aligned and not, when you feel blocked or when you feel resistance or not—when these things align on their own sometimes, strange coincidences do happen.

Jung talked about synchronicity as an acausal connecting principle. That was probably due to the fact that the psyche is not separate from the fabric of the world that gives rise to it, so that we might have subjective things—impressions, fantasies, dreams—that we rather uncannily see mirrored in objective events.

Like the famous thing that clarified and coalesced that for him: a psychotherapy session with a patient who was describing a dream she’d been having about a scarab beetle.

Then he heard a tapping at the window of his office and he went there and opened it, and there was a European beetle—a kind of scarab beetle, much like the Egyptian scarab—that was there.

He held it up and said to the woman, “Is this your beetle? Here is your beetle.” It just blew her mind. It opened new levels of the therapy that she was receiving. Those kinds of things happen. I’ve had them happen.

Joanna: Me too.

Matt: If you’re a long-time writer or reader, you’re familiar with the library genie—the library daemon, we sometimes refer to it as—the book that, just at the moment you think of it and realise, “Oh yes…”

You’re doing your study, and it doesn’t have to be a library, it could be on the web or whatever. You finally realise what it is that you need, what you’ve been looking for, and in some cases it literally falls off the shelf onto someone’s head.

What do you make of those when they happen? At the very least, it rattles your cage. You might enter a state of suspended judgement about whether we really are living in a kind of magical cosmos full of real correspondences.

It’s a bit like the daimon or the muse: is it a metaphor? Is it just an interpretation, or is it something real? Probably the best place is one of profoundly, actively embraced agnosticism, and just take it for what it is.

Joanna: Yes, and leaning more into your intuition. I think you definitely demonstrate that in the book as well, really exploring a lot of very interesting topics.

Now, we are almost out of time, but you do have a Substack, The Living Dark, where you publish essays, and you’ve also got all kinds of really interesting books. I want people to go have a look at some of the other stuff you’ve written, especially if you enjoy horror and religion and all of that kind of thing.

So just to ask, how do you decide when something is an essay on The Living Dark, and how do you decide when you are going to put it in a book or in some other way?

I feel like a lot of authors are thinking about Substack but don’t necessarily know what to put on it. I think I first connected with you on your Substack, where I was like, “Oh, this guy’s writing interesting, weird stuff.”

How do you use Substack as opposed to writing for your books?

Matt: Sure. Let me answer by first talking about what happened previously with that first book on creativity that I mentioned, A Course in Demonic Creativity. I had all kinds of thoughts and ideas coming up, seeded over many years of practice and reading about the daimon and the daemon and the genius and the muse.

In 2009 I founded a blog—it was just a WordPress blog—and I titled it Daemon Muse. I attended to it for two to three years. A lot of people ended up reading it. I really did not have any plans, not even any back-burner plans, of taking the material that I published in posts there about this way of creativity and making it a book.

I did realise about a year and a half in that essentially I had a book I had already written in those posts. So it took some work, and I spent six months making it all into a coherent book.

By the way, that book was only ever published as a PDF, which is still free on my website, MattCardin.com—although plans for the first-ever print edition of it are in motion right now. That was published in 2011.

When I went to Substack and started my newsletter there in 2022—and by the way, it wasn’t originally called The Living Dark; my first title was “Living Into the Dark,” and then I changed it about a year, year and a half in—I kind of am doing the same thing.

It’s been a while since I took anything and thought, “I’m writing a book with it.” I write what comes to me to write. You know how Substack Notes is Substack’s own version of social media, kind of like Twitter used to be or like X kind of is now.

It happens all the time that I write things that just stay in contact with people as a Substack Note—some short thing. And then I realise I wanted to say more about that.

Or you have what happened just this morning. Three or four hours before you and I were talking, I started writing a Substack Note and it got so long I realised I had something that could be a post to The Living Dark. So I switched over and finished it that way.

The book Writing at the Wellspring came together after I had written things for a couple of years at The Living Dark and realised that I could trace a path through about a third of the posts that I had ever published there, and had the makings of a book.

So that, plus other material from earlier in my life—there are things from my private journals from years ago in Writing at the Wellspring—plus some new material, ended up turning into that book.

So I’m not thinking about the difference, is what I’m saying. I find writing at my Living Dark newsletter to be a needful and enjoyable creative outlet, partly because I have some 3,800 readers now and it feels good to be in contact with them and to have that audience and to know that there’s that eye on what I’m writing.

That’s partly because I just have the freedom to work it out to my satisfaction and publish it there. I’m already halfway forming another book that will be of a different focus, to come from things that I have published there.

So for me, there’s an organic relationship between Substack writing, or any kind of blogging, and the writing of books.

If people haven’t thought about that, they might want to consider it. If you have one already or if you’re thinking of starting a blog on Substack or anywhere else, maybe you have things that can guide you to a book that already exists and you just haven’t realised it.

Joanna: So where can people find you and your books and everything you do online?

Matt: Well, The Living Dark that we’re talking about is at www.livingdark.net—and it does require the three Ws at the beginning to get there. Then my author website is MattCardin.com, and you can go to the books page there to get a link to all the books I’ve published and read about them.

Joanna: Great. Well, thanks so much for your time, Matt. That was fantastic.

Matt: Thank you, Jo. I really appreciate the invitation.

The post Writing At The Wellspring: Tapping The Source Of Your Inner Genius With Matt Cardin first appeared on The Creative Penn.

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Author: Joanna Penn

How to Create a Consistent Story Tone (And Why It Matters)

We might define your story’s tone as its attitude. More than that, it’s a guide for audiences to help them determine their own attitudes while engaging with your story. Tone tells audiences how to experience the events unfolding on the page. As such, you have to set your story’s tone right from the beginning. Is the story funny? Cheeky? Sad? Dark? Cynical? Hopeful?

But there’s an even more important question: Does your story maintain a consistent tone throughout the book?

Here’s a quick exercise to help you identify your story’s tonal consistency:

  • Think about your first chapter. Sum up its overall tone in one word.
  • Now think about your closing chapter and sum up its tone in one word.
  • Are they the same?

If not, you may have a problem. (And, in case you’re wondering, tone is not the same as mood, and tonal consistency does not stop characters or scenes from arcing—something we’ll talk about in a minute.)

What Is Story Tone?

Story tone is the narrative’s emotional attitude toward the events of the story. It signals to audiences how they should interpret what happens on the page.

Tone is not the same thing as your characters’ emotions. Your characters may begin the story happy and end it devastated—or vice versa. Very seldom will characters finish their journey in the same frame of mind in which they began. They evolve over the course of the story. Else, why was their journey worth recording?

But the tone shouldn’t evolve in the same way. The audience’s emotional experience should feel cohesive from beginning to end, even as the plot changes from dark to light to dangerous to hopeful. Tone is the throughline.

Why Story Tone Must Stay Consistent

Tone is a unifying force in your story. Scattered tones create a scattered story.

When readers open your book, they immediately begin making assumptions about what kind of experience they are about to have. These assumptions come almost entirely from the tone established in the opening scene.

Once readers have internalized that signal, they subconsciously expect the story to continue honoring it. If the tone changes too drastically, they feel disoriented because the contract between writer and reader has been broken or at least bent.

When Tone Goes Wrong: Australia

An example of tonal inconsistency appears in Baz Luhrmann’s 2008 film Australia.

The film is, frankly, a bit of a hot mess, mostly due to tonal confusion. It begins as a quirky comedy with the heroine performing an outrageous imitation of a British snob and the child narrator offering a whimsical commentary. The story feels playful and almost fairy-tale-like.

But every twenty minutes, the story seems to change its mind. Suddenly, we’re in a gritty Western. Then a sweeping romance. Then a war drama. Then something else again.

By the end, viewers are left wondering what the story was really supposed to be. Quirky comedy? Shoot-’em-up Western? Poor-boy-rich-girl romance? War epic? It tries to be all of them, and ends up feeling like none of them.

Triptych image from Australia (2008) showing three contrasting tones: Nicole Kidman in a wartime scene, Hugh Jackman and Nicole Kidman in a romantic moment, and Hugh Jackman driving cattle.

Contrasting tonal elements in Australia (2008), from wartime drama to sweeping romance to Western adventure. (Australia (2008), 20th Century Fox.)

How Structure Fixes Tone: Faraway Downs

Years later, the footage from Australia was re-edited into the miniseries Faraway Downs. I’m not exactly sure why I decided to rewatch, since the movie was so bad, but something drew me back. And the fascinating part? The miniseries works so much better.

It still contains the same tonal ingredients: romance, humor, epic adventure, and historical tragedy.

But the experience no longer feels like whiplash.

Why?

The answer is found in the marriage of tone and structure.

The expanded format of the miniseries allows the story to breathe. The structural beats that emerge feel organic, rather than a radically new emotional pivot every twenty minutes. Instead, the story unfolds naturally via tonal shifts that feel like natural evolutions of the narrative rather than sudden changes in genre.

Nicole Kidman and Hugh Jackman standing beside a lake in the Australian Outback in Faraway Downs (2023), illustrating the cohesive tone of the restructured miniseries.

A quieter, more cohesive tonal moment from the restructured miniseries adaptation. (Faraway Downs (2023), 20th Television / Disney+.)

This shows us how deeply tone is tied to structure. When the structural progression of the story makes sense because the events are allowed to unfold in an organic cause-and-effect pattern, the tone is more likely to feel cohesive even as the emotional register shifts.

Tone vs. Mood: What’s the Difference?

Writers often confuse tone with mood. They’re related, but they’re not identical.

  • Tone is the narrative’s attitude toward events.
  • Mood is the emotional atmosphere experienced by the audience.

Think of it this way:

  • Tone is the storyteller’s voice.
  • Mood is the emotional weather readers feel while moving through the story.

Although a dark tone will often produce a dark mood, the story’s mood is still free to fluctuate more freely, whereas the overall tone should remain steady.

How Readers Interpret Tone in the Opening Chapter

Tone is a form of foreshadowing. It signals audiences what to expect and, as such, has to be paid off just like foreshadowing.

Readers determine tone astonishingly fast—often within the first thirty seconds of engaging with a story.

The opening scene will signal whether the story is:

  • Ironic
  • Tragic
  • Hopeful
  • Satirical
  • Ominous
  • Adventurous

Tone is found in the subtlest of cues—everything from word choice to narrative voice to scene framing to the type of conflict introduced to the characters’ attitude about it all. All of these elements work to establish the emotional contract audiences expect the story to fulfill.

If you’re writing a tragedy, your characters may start out happy as larks in the first chapter—but the tone must foreshadow the darkness to come. By the same token, if you’re writing a comedy, your characters may start out in a grimy prison—but the tone must guide your audience to keep their tongues firmly in their cheeks.

How to Establish Tone in Your Story

Tone emerges from several elements working together.

1. Narrative Voice

The narrator’s attitude shapes everything. Dry wit produces a different experience from solemn observation.

2. Character Perspective

Characters filter the story, which means a hopeful protagonist will produce a different tone from a cynical one.

3. Setting

Atmosphere reinforces tone. This is what we mean when we talk about a setting “becoming a character in its own right.” For example, bleak landscapes naturally support darker tones.

4. Theme

Writing Your Story’s Theme (Amazon affiliate link)

Tone always reflects upon the story’s underlying thematic argument. Again, it’s about foreshadowing. The tone tells us what ultimate stance a story is exploring about life.

Why Identifying Tone Early Helps Your Story

Once you’ve identified your story’s tone (which may not fully emerge until you actually start experimenting with your story’s voice on the page), it will become the compass guiding every decision, including:

When tone is clear, everything else tends to fall into place.

How to create a consistent story tone in fiction writing, educational graphic about writing style and narrative tone for novelists.

Want More?

One of the most powerful forces shaping a story’s tone is the type of character arc at its center. Stories built around characters who resist change often carry a very different emotional attitude from stories about characters who consciously pursue transformation. In other words, the deeper structure of the character’s journey quietly influences the tone of the entire narrative—from the opening chapter to the Climactic Moment.

That’s one reason I created my new upcoming class exploring Ego-Driven Character Arcs vs. Soul-Driven Character Arcs. In it, we’re going to look at two very different models of transformation: stories in which characters are forced to confront the Lie They Believe, and stories in which characters actively seek growth and alignment with a deeper Truth. Understanding the difference can illuminate not only how your characters change, but also why your story naturally leans toward certain tonal qualities.

Ego-Driven Character Arcs vs Soul-Driven Character Arcs Class Widget Ad

If you’ve ever wondered why some stories feel driven by conflict and correction while others feel guided by purpose and awakening, this framework can offer a lens for understanding both character arc and tone in a deeper way. I hope you’ll join me!

The class will go live April 1. It’s pre-recorded, so I can join you live in the chat for the whole thing.

(I’m also teaching another class two weeks later on “The Villain as an Aspect of the Hero’s Psyche.” If you’d like to go ahead and grab both classes, I’m offering a 15% discount for the bundle.)

Wordplayers, tell me your opinions! What tone does your story establish in the opening chapter? Does that tone remain consistent all the way through the Climactic Moment? Tell me in the comments!

Note: This article has been revised and expanded from an earlier version.

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The post How to Create a Consistent Story Tone (And Why It Matters) appeared first on Helping Writers Become Authors.

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Author: K.M. Weiland | @KMWeiland

Strong Verbs And Hard Truths. Good Writing With Anne Lamott and Neal Allen

What does it take to write strong sentences? How do you keep writing when the world feels dark? How do you push past self-doubt, build a sustainable writing practice, and trust that your voice is enough? Anne Lamott and Neal Allen share decades of hard-won wisdom from their new book, Good Writing.

In the intro, Hachette cancels allegedly AI-written book [The New Publishing Standard]; How Pangram works; Publishing industry insights from Macmillan’s CEO [David Perell Podcast]; Photos from Notre Dame and Saint Chapelle; The Black Church; Bones of the Deep coming in April.

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Today’s show is sponsored by ProWritingAid, writing and editing software that goes way beyond just grammar and typo checking. With its detailed reports on how to improve your writing and integration with writing software, ProWritingAid will help you improve your book before you send it to an editor, agent or publisher. Check it out for free or get 15% off the premium edition at www.ProWritingAid.com/joanna

This show is also supported by my Patrons. Join my Community at Patreon.com/thecreativepenn 

Neal Allen is a spiritual coach, former journalist, and author of non-fiction and flash fiction. Anne Lamott is the New York Times bestselling author of memoir, spiritual and creative non-fiction, and literary fiction, including Bird by Bird: Instructions on Writing and Life, which many authors, including me, count as one of the best books on writing out there. Neal and Anne are also married, and their first book together is Good Writing: 36 Ways to Improve Your Sentences

You can listen above or on your favorite podcast app or read the notes and links below. Here are the highlights and the full transcript is below. 

Show Notes

  • Why strong verbs are rule number one
  • How Anne and Neal’s contrasting styles created a unique call-and-response writing guide
  • Practical advice on finding and trusting your authentic voice across genres
  • Why award-winning novelists typically write for only 90 minutes a day — and what that means for your writing practice
  • How to keep writing during dark and discouraging times without giving up
  • The uncomfortable truth about publication, longevity, and why nobody cares if you write

You can find Neal at ShapesOfTruth.com and Anne on Substack.

Transcript of the interview with Neal Allen and Anne Lamott

Neal Allen is a spiritual coach, former journalist, and author of non-fiction and flash fiction.

Anne Lamott is the New York Times bestselling author of memoir, spiritual and creative non-fiction, and literary fiction, including Bird by Bird: Instructions on Writing and Life, which many authors, including me, count as one of the best books on writing out there.

Neal and Anne are also married, and their first book together is Good Writing: 36 Ways to Improve Your Sentences

Jo: Welcome to the show, Neal and Anne.

Anne: Thank you so much, Jo. We’re happy to be here.

Neal: Hi, Jo.

Jo: Let us get straight into the book with rule one, which is use strong verbs.

How can we implement that practically in our manuscripts when most of us don’t start with the verb?

We’re thinking of story or we’re thinking of message?

Neal: Throughout the book, it’s pointed out that these are rules for second drafts, right? So you’ve put it down. You’ve already got your story down, you’ve already got your piece down—your email, your text, it doesn’t matter what.

Then you stop, you pause, you go back to the beginning and you go sentence by sentence and look at them.

Anne: I’d like to add that there’s a lot in the book, usually on my end of the conversation, that has to do with really using these rules anywhere and everywhere.

Whether you’re writing a memoir or a grant proposal, I believe these rules apply to getting everything written at any time, in any phase of the work because, from Bird by Bird, I’m all about taking short assignments and writing really godawful first drafts.

What is fun about writing is to have spewed out something on the page and then to get to go back right then and just start cleaning it up a bit, straightening it out, probably inevitably shortening it. One place to start is to notice how weak our verbs are.

If I say “Jo walked towards us across the lawn,” it doesn’t give the reader very much information. But if I say “Jo lurched towards us across the lawn,” or “Jo raced towards us across the lawn,” then right away you’ve improved the sentence with really two or three quick thoughts about what you actually meant with that verb and a better one.

So it really applies to every level and stage of writing, but Neal’s right—this is really about going back over your work sentence by sentence and seeing if you can make it stronger and cleaner and clearer. The reason it’s rule one is to write strong verbs.

Neal: A nice thing about strong verbs is that they often preclude the need for an adjective or an adverb, right? If I say “I trudged,” it’s shorter than saying “I walked slowly and depressed.”

Jo: Absolutely, and how you answered that question is kind of how the book works, right? Because Neal does an outline of the rule, and then Anne comes in and comments.

Maybe you could talk a bit about that process. You are both strong characters, obviously you’ve been writing a long time.

Talk a bit about how you made the book and how that worked as a couple as well.

Neal: I’d had these rules collected for a number of years and I had them on my website. When I met Anne, she liked them and would hand them out when she was doing writing sessions.

I was intrigued at some point a few years ago and looked around to see whether there was a list like mine out there. I noticed that all the other lists I saw were much shorter.

Hemingway had his four rules for rewriting. Elmore Leonard, his eight, which are wonderful. Margaret Atwood has 10. The longest I saw was Martin Amis had, depending on what year it was, 14, 15 or 16—he’d go back and forth with a couple of them.

I had 30-some and I wondered, well, 30-some might be enough for a book. I didn’t want to write a scolding book like on grammar. I didn’t want it to be academic or written like “I’m the expert, I know.”

I’ll just let my mind range. I’ll explain the rule and then let my mind go where it went. Which, by the way, is one of the rules—show then tell. Not “show, don’t tell.” It’s show, then tell. Let your mind riff after you’ve explained something to the reader or shown something to the reader.

So I wrote the book. It was too short to be published, and I showed it to Anne and I asked her, “What do I do with this?”

Anne: I said, “Hey, I know something about writing, Bub,” and I asked if I could contribute my thoughts and retorts and examples and prompts to each of his rules. We were just off and running because his stuff was so solid.

Mine is more maybe welcoming and giving encouragement and hope to writers because writing’s hard. It’s still hard for me. This is my 21st book and I’m only a third of it.

Writing’s hard, and what we hope is that our conversation can help people understand: a) it’s hard for everybody, and b) it’ll work if you just keep your butt in the chair and do the best you can, and then go back one day at a time and try to make it a little bit better.

Neal: It turned out to be pretty serendipitous because just naturally I’m more of an explainer and Annie is more driving toward catharsis. So the call and response is always: I set out the rule, I explain the rule, and Annie drives it toward catharsis and usefulness.

Jo: In some chapters you do disagree in some form. How did that work in the process of writing?

Anne: Usually I disagree because Neal might be using words that are too big, or it might be a little bit elitist, I would think. Or of course I would point out that he’s completely overeducated, whereas I’m a dropout and so I have a much plainer, more welcoming version of the rules.

All of the rules are so strong, but I would feel that the way he explained it was beyond me. So I would come in and try to explain what Neal had been explaining. It was actually really funny and fun.

We do come from really different directions. Neal is an explainer. He’s like an ATM of information, and I am the class den mother who brings in treats and party favours on everybody’s birthday.

My message is always: you can really, really do this, I promise, trust me. But you start where you are, you get your butt in the chair, and then Neal comes along and says what has worked for him.

He was a journalist forever, so he writes in a very different way than I write. It just turned out that the two of us together kind of make a whole. People have asked us if there were a lot of conflicts or if we really objected to the other person’s take.

I can tell you, Jo, there wasn’t a day when we had only conflict. We were just laughing and we were excited because one of us would remember a great example from literature. We came to believe that these two very distinct voices would form one voice of encouragement for any writer.

Jo: That brings us to rule number eight, which is trust your voice. I feel like this is easier when you’ve been writing a while.

We’re told to find our voice, but I remember as an early writer when I read Bird by Bird and other books and I was like, “How on earth do I find my voice?” Maybe you could talk about this more for early stage writer.

How do you find and trust that voice?

Neal: Boy, that is a halt for almost all of us. This follows from any intellectual pursuit that requires lots of practice and repetitions.

Malcolm Gladwell’s great statement, or discovery, or restatement from somebody else who discovered it, that the human brain requires 10,000 hours of repetitions before something can be allowed to just flow without thought. Flow as if intuitive rather than thinking.

I don’t think that’s any different in writing than it is in basketball or football or anything else—sports, creative pursuits, everyday pursuits. There’s just a lot of repetitions required.

Some people have the experience that I did, where you’re just going along getting better and better, doing it over and over again, learning this, learning that, adding in this, adding in that, moving toward a goal of virtuosity or whatever. And all of a sudden, bang, one day, it all works and your voice emerges.

Other people don’t have that experience, don’t have that one day that it happened or that feeling that it suddenly happened. For some people it takes less than 10,000 hours, but for most people it is a hell of a lot of repetitions.

Anne: I think for me, the most important aspect to finding your own voice is noticing how desperately you don’t think your voice is good enough and that you want to write like somebody else.

I always mention that when I was coming up, at about 20, I wanted to sound like Isabel Allende because I loved her work so much. Or Ann Beattie, who was writing those wonderful short stories in the New Yorker. Or Salinger, who I’d started reading probably at 10 years old.

I had to come to the understanding that I can’t tell my stories and my truth and my version of life—which is really what writing is—in somebody else’s voice. Unless it’s a kind of advanced writing exercise to write in the voice of an alcoholic billionaire in Spain.

For most of us, it’s about finding out that our voice is what people want to hear. It’s hard to believe, but it is absolutely true. If you have a story to tell me, Jo, I just want you to tell me your story. I don’t want you to try to sound like Virginia Woolf or Margaret Drabble. I want you to be Jo.

If it’s the written version you’re sending me, I can probably go through and help you maintain your voice while making the writing stronger by following certain really basic rules. But spiritually and psychologically, this is just about the most important rule of all because that’s why we’re here.

That’s why we are on this side of eternity—to discover who we are and why we’re here. Part of that is discovering who, deep down, when all the layers are peeled away, we are, and then how to communicate that to a reader.

Without trying to sound more impressive or more brilliant or more ironic than we actually are, our voice is good enough. It’s hard to believe. Our voice is what we want you to tell us your stories in.

Neal: I distinctly remember the day I found my voice, for odd reasons. I just can remember it, and the first thing I did when this story felt like it had written itself to me was look at it and go, “Crap. That doesn’t sound like Faulkner.”

Jo: It sounded like you.

Anne: Or bad Faulkner.

Jo: Do you think we have to find our voice maybe multiple times, depending on genre? For example, I recognised that feeling with one of my novels. It was novel number five. I was like, “Oh, that’s my voice.” But then it took me a lot longer to find that in memoir because, well, I think memoir is super hard.

Do you think we have to go through these 10,000 hours in different genres?

Neal: Not for me. I don’t think any differently about how I’m entering into a business letter, a text, a novel, a self-help book, or any of the things that I do. I feel like I just have to turn this switch and let it go, and I can trust myself.

So that’s interesting. I can imagine you could develop a second voice. I haven’t ever needed to.

Anne: I would agree that I write my novels and my nonfiction really from a kind of central bus station deep inside of me.

One of our rules is write the hard things—write about life and death and loss and grief and relationships and getting old and being here during these incredibly cold, dark times. Because the reader, i.e. me, is just desperate for truth and for real.

I started out wanting to sound like John Updike or sound like a New York glitterati male writer, and I can’t tell you what is really real in somebody else’s voice. I disagree with Malcolm Gladwell. I think it’s 10 hours—a little bit different there.

But when I’m writing autobiographical spiritual pieces or my novels, I have to kind of settle myself down, like gentling a horse, and find that bus station inside of myself where I’m observing and I’m tugging on the sleeve of the person sitting next to me and saying, “I just saw something really interesting. Do you have a minute?”

That’s really what writing is. I just saw something or thought of something or imagined something or remembered something really interesting. Do you have a minute? If I’m talking to the person next to me, I’m not going to try to sound like Laurence Olivier or anybody else. I’m just going to tell them my story.

The best four or five word great quote is from our screenwriter friend, Randy Mayem Singer, and she said: “Tell me a story. Make me care.” Those six words really transcend all genres. It’s just: I can tell you a story my way if you’re interested. Got a minute?

Jo: You mentioned that, really interesting, you said, “I need to settle myself down,” particularly in these dark times. This is not a political show, and obviously we’re all from different countries here and we all have different views of what difficult times are, but we all go through them.

When big things in the world make us feel like perhaps what we are doing is not so important, how do we get through that?

That “shouldn’t I go do something more important than writing a story” feeling?

Neal: Everybody is encouraged to be a political scientist nowadays, or to be an ethicist or to be a moralist as their job, and that’s kind of ridiculous, right?

We’ve been handed our role. By the time you’re 30, you’ve been handed your role in the world, and that’s your productive role.

You have certain citizenship requirements, which might include voting or marching or watching the news every day. That’s not the rest of your day unless you actually work in parliament as an aide or doing some kind of social policy work.

I am not going to let the external world ruin my day. I’m going to keep that to a certain number of minutes of my day that is appropriate to my role in the world. I am perfectly productive in the world. I have lots of things that I do. I work hard. Everybody works hard.

There are no lazy people in this world any more—civilisation’s too difficult. You want lazy? Go back to 300,000 years of tribal life, where as soon as you had fulfilled your last need for calories for the day, you made it back to camp slowly so you didn’t burn calories, and lulled from about 10:00 AM to 2:00 PM.

The rest of the day you reclined so you weren’t burning calories and gossiped with your fellow tribespeople. None of us is like that now.

I’m perfectly productive without having to say I should be more productive and more concerned about the foibles of the species.

Anne: Neal does something with his clients, with whom he does this work on taming the inner critic. It’s about having them make a list of what they do every day.

Rain or shine or catastrophe or peace or war or whatever, you just do it. I wake up, I pray, I put my glasses on. I get a little bit of work done every day. I meditate for 15 minutes every day. I get outside every day because that is the most nourishing, spiritual reset button I can get to. I catch up with my friends.

We have a grandson here. We hang out with him. I do certain things every day, and one of them is I get a little bit of work done.

Of course what I’d rather do is just stay glued to CNN and have my tiny opinions on every single thing that is happening and how things would be better if they followed my always excellent advice.

Instead, what I do is I will meditate for 50 minutes a day and it won’t be really beautiful and inspiring—it’ll be like a monkey at the mall who’s over-caffeinated.

I will also get outside. I don’t know if I’ll get a really good long walk with 10,000 steps in, but I will get outside and I will pay attention. I will breathe in fresh air. I will have moments of wonder.

I will also sit down, and I will be doing it after we talk. I’m going to get my own writing done for the day.

I really recommend that to writing students: write down what you do every day. And in it, figure out at least one pod—a 45-minute pod—where you can get a little bit of writing done.

Something that may serve the writers in your audience is that I make long lists and I encourage all beginning writers to make long lists of every memory and thought and idea that they’ve had. But mostly memories, often starting very young.

Thinking about early holidays and school are great prompts. Make a list of 25 memories you have that you’ve told people over the years that are meaningful to you. If you remember them, they’re meaningful.

You may think that they’re meaningful because of this or that, but you sit down and you write about them for 45 minutes and you’re going to discover that there was a kernel of insight, or even healing, in them that you hadn’t known when you set out to write them.

I taught writing forever at this bookstore called Book Passage in Marin. We would spend a part of every hour having the writers, the students, explain to me why they weren’t getting any writing done, and they were excellent ideas.

Any excuse your listeners have about why they’re not getting any writing done—believe me, it’s a good excuse and I’ve heard it 10 times.

If you are committed to writing, you have to meet us halfway, and that means that you set aside 45 minutes or an hour and a half or whatever you can give me to get a little bit of writing done. Get one passage written—the first or eighth thing on the list of really important memories that you’ve carried in your pocket all these years.

Neal: The typical amount of time that a Booker Prize winner, or a National Book Award winner here in America, spends writing—a novelist—is one to two hours in the morning, getting 45 minutes to an hour and a half of work done, a thousand to 1,500 words. And then they stop.

The reason they stop is it’s really brain-consuming. To do this is hard work, and it’s intellectually vigorous. High-end programmers can work two and a half hours on average before they have to stop because they’ve used up their brain energy—the blood going to the brain and expending calories and whatever is going on in there.

It’s not a long time. It’s just repetitive time. The Booker Prize winners, they typically work six days a week, not five days a week. An hour and a half a day is about the mean. About 1,200 words is about the mean.

Jo: It’s interesting because you mentioned what’s stopping people from writing, and you also mentioned it’s hard work.

One of the things I’ve heard a lot recently is: “This is really hard. I thought writing was meant to be this romantic myth where I would sit down and things would stream into my brain and it would be easy. And if it’s not easy and fun, then maybe it’s wrong for me.”

So maybe you could explain more about the hardness and why hard is still good. Hard doesn’t mean it’s a bad thing.

Neal: The interesting thing about writers is that they are really interested in very complex thinking about sentences.

A few things distinguish a writer from a subject matter expert or a plotter—who either writes plots and is interested in the movement of plots, or who is a subject matter expert in something and either novelises it or writes nonfiction.

It’s that a writer is first concerned about the puzzle of a sentence, second concerned about the flow of a paragraph really, and only thirdly concerned about the subject matter.

I don’t care what the subject matter is. What I want to concentrate on ultimately is the sentence. And getting a sentence to look right in context requires building sentences upon sentences upon sentences. It’s more like painting than it is like writing in that sense.

If you look at a painter, once they’ve put one brushstroke down—and usually it takes them a while to figure out what that brushstroke is, how big it is, how wide it is, how thick it is, how grainy it is—then the second brushstroke becomes a puzzle based on what they just did with the first brushstroke and the remaining canvas.

A writer thinks that way about each sentence and realises that each sentence has layers of information in it—diction, colour, rhythm, harmony, melody, plot, all sorts of things are happening. How many of those are taken care of in that sentence? Well, that becomes the interest.

It’s hard in the sense that to be virtuosic at it, to be really good at it, requires a lot of study and a lot of mistakes. Most of the mistakes are getting rid of clichés and finding your way past them, and that’s a long, long process.

This isn’t something that can be just picked up because you have a talent. You were told at a certain time you were a talented writer, so you can just pick it up. As soon as you get into it, you see that the sentences are demanding a heck of a lot of work.

Anne: I would add that I don’t find it all that fun and easy—I never find it fun and easy. I’ve been doing this professionally for 52 years now, since I was 20, when I worked at a magazine.

I think that’s an illusion. So much of becoming a writer is unlearning what you thought it meant and how it would go. That you would sit alone like Bartleby the Scrivener, hunched over working on your ledger.

That was not true at all, because a lot of our book, Good Writing, has to do with the collaboration between you and a writing partner, a writing group or a writing collective, and eventually an editor.

It’s not about that lonely, hunched-over romantic, Wuthering Heights sense of seriousness. And it’s also not giddy. It’s not Walt Disney. It’s just very real.

It’s one human sitting down at the desk with paper or at the keyboard, and it is just trying, one day at a time, to write what’s on your heart, what’s on your mind, what’s on your scribbled notes, what you’re trying to transcribe from this little bit of a flicker of an idea about something that you’ve always meant to tell on paper. And then writing it.

Some parts of the day’s work will be pulling teeth. The secret of writing—and I write about this a lot in Bird by Bird, I write a lot about it in Good Writing—is you just don’t give up. Because you wanted to be a writer when you grew up.

What that means is that you write a little bit every day and you read about writing. You read good books on writing. You read Stephen King. You read William Zinsser. You read all the Paris Review interviews of writers at work.

You enter into the writing life because it’s a calling, like a monk to a monastery. You’ve gotten into the water, it’s a little cold at first, and you stay in it. And it starts to be something that is so fulfilling, if maybe not fun. It’s fulfilling.

You will feel this rare excitement that you’re doing what you have put off for so long, or that you’re re-entering it in a new way with a different sense of commitment and maybe a little bit more wisdom and probably a lot more stories to tell.

Jo: I did want to ask Anne, because coming back to Bird by Bird, many writers listening will have read it. I’ve also read over the years about your son and your faith. These are really personal things that you have shared.

It feels like we live in this age of judgement and cancellation, and writing what you call our truths can be very difficult. People are afraid. What would you say to them?

And obviously also rule 33 is “write hard stuff”, so I guess that gets into it too. How do we do this?

Anne: A lot of people don’t have the calling to write personal stuff or autobiographical stuff or stuff about spiritual or emotional or psychological healing. They want to write about England in the 1300s.

I’ve always told my writing students to write what they would love to come upon, because then they’re creating it.

If they love to read historical romances, or they love to read journals—I have to say, I read every single journal of Virginia Woolf’s in my early twenties, and I read every single volume of her letters in my early twenties.

It was thrilling to be in that intimate, umbilical connection to a writer that I loved so much, and into the world of Bloomsbury, and into the world of England between the wars. People may not want to write like I write, and I would assume they don’t.

My calling is that I love to write about real life and I use my immediate experiences of daily living and my family and my husband and our animals and my nation and my recovery and my church. All of that is the stuff that I love to come upon in other people’s work, and so I write it.

Neal writes differently. He is a journalist and a novelist, and he is writing a lot in a much more sociological way than I am. He is writing with this font of knowledge about socioeconomic and historical understanding of the world.

Yet he’s just raggedy old Neal Allen, but he loves to come upon different stuff than I love to come upon. Does that answer your question?

Neal: I think one thing to notice is that the whole bully-victim cycle that we are promoting and living in now—and it’s a cycle because if somebody claims that they have been bullied, then their only defence is to become a bully themselves. The victims become the bullies. It just gets worse and worse. It’s the old revenge story.

What I’ve noticed when I think about it is the authors who I respect the most tend to be humanists. Humanists tend not to be cancelled, and I’ve never felt a great danger. Of course, I watch my words in certain ways that are fashionable—you can’t use this word any more, and all of that.

But in terms of ideas, humanists embrace the world in a funny, different kind of way than people who chase after conflict, chase after separation of people from each other, tribalism, all of that.

When I look back, my heroes were always humanists. Some of them might be cancelled now, but just for the weirdest reasons—like Henry Miller or Mark Twain might be cancelled for very strange reasons. These are absolute humanists who love everybody in the world in a certain kind of odd way.

Virginia Woolf is the most incredible humanist in the world. She’s not going to be cancelled.

Jo: She cancelled herself.

Neal: There we go.

Jo: As we come towards the end, I do want to return to something—you’ve both talked about calling and you’ve been handed your role, and this sort of “we are writers now.”

Both of you have had great longevity in the career, and I’ve been doing this now 20 years. I’ve noticed so many people who leave the writing life, so I wondered what tips you had on making it long term.

How do we do this long term, assuming we are feeling a calling? People have to balance the money side, they’re balancing book marketing, which is always a nightmare for all of us, and the writing.

Any tips for longevity?

Neal: I have no idea. I have lived outside of the writing life, just kind of using it as a secondary skill, for half of my life.

I left journalism because it didn’t pay well enough to support a family of six. I moved into the corporate world. I loved the corporate world. I didn’t have any problem with it, but it wasn’t the writing world.

When I came out of the corporate world, I first went into “tame your inner critic” sessions with people—executive coaching, other kinds of coaching. Only lately, only in the last 10 years, have I really resumed my writing career.

I think maintaining a writing career, like anything in the arts, is incredibly difficult financially. It just will be. Annie will tell you—you were, what, 15 years into your career before you had your first home office?

Anne: Yes.

Neal: Right.

Anne: More than that. I was 20 years in before I had a door I could close to keep the Huns out—i.e. my child.

Here’s the thing: nobody cares if you write, if you hate it, or if you’ve given up.

It might be that you would find your creative soul, your imaginative, creative life force at ecstatic dancing on Saturdays in the town park, which we offer here in our tiny town. It might be that you’re a painter. My best friend started painting several years ago and she’s incredible.

If you want to write, the horrible thing is that you just have to keep setting aside a pod. I keep using the word pod because that’s how I get any work done at all—an hour.

Now, Neal and I can both tell you, and Neal alluded to this: you set aside an hour and that will give you maybe 40 minutes of actual writing. And we’ll give the Booker Prize winners 40 minutes of actual writing. You have two hours and that gives you an hour and 15 minutes. That’s how it works.

If you care and if you long to be a writer, to immerse yourself in the writing life—I hate to sound like a Nike ad, and I don’t know if you have this in England—but you just do it.

One thing that gets in everybody’s way is this fantasy of getting published and how if they get published, it will be like the world has stamped “validated” on their parking ticket and their self-esteem will now be much, much better and more consistently excellent than it ever was before.

We can tell you: we’ve got this book that’s out, brand new, and it makes you much more insecure and much more anxious than you were before it got published. Because how’s it going to do? Is it going to get reviewed? There are very, very few places reviewing books any more.

Carol Shields, who wrote an incredible book 30 years ago called The Stone Diaries. She was teaching large, large writing retreats, a thousand people at a time, and she would tell them that five to 10 of them will be published.

Getting published means that you get your book out and you have one week to make it. You have one week in the bookstores for it to get noticed. And there are 180,000 hardback books published in America every year in general interest.

So you write a novel that’s about a small town. You have great dreams that it’s going to be an Oprah book and that this is going to happen and it will lead to a second contract, and then you can start investing in diamonds or buy a set of fish forks.

It doesn’t happen. My first book that made any money at all for me was my fifth book. It was a journal of my son’s first year called Operating Instructions, and it was the first time that I didn’t have to have a second job. I was 38, and I had been writing—and writing full time—since I was 20 and publishing since I was 26.

If the carrot that is enticing you to get any new work done is publication and finding an agent and getting published, it’s not going to happen for you. I can just promise you that.

If your dream is to become a writer and to become a member of the writing community and to write—and it will be discouraging—but if you want to write, you just keep pushing back your sleeves. You don’t get up. You sit down and you keep your butt in the chair.

If your work is really good, it may get published. If your work is excellent, it may not. But that can’t be what gets you to commit to being a writer when you grow up.

Jo: Fantastic.

So where can people find Good Writing and all your books and everything you both do online?

Neal: On March 17th the book comes out. You can get it online, anywhere online. It’s published by Penguin Avery. March 17th, it gets released.

Anne: As we said, it’ll be in the bookstores for a while.

Neal: It’ll be in the bookstores in America. You might have to go online in Great Britain at first.

Jo: Oh yes, it’s definitely there. And what about your websites as well?

Anne: I don’t have a website.

Neal: I have a modest website at ShapesOfTruth.com. That tells you about my other books also.

Anne: I’m at Substack, Anne Lamott. I’m on Facebook, Anne Lamott. I’m kind of all over the place. But this is kind of terrifying: 80% of books bought in America are bought at Amazon on cell phones.

Jo: Yes, absolutely. Actually, I was going to ask—have you recorded the audiobook as a pair?

Anne: Yes, we have. It’s available if you go—I hate to always be plugging Amazon, but it’s so easy. If you go to Amazon, it’ll give you a choice of hardback or audio or Kindle.

Neal: And if you don’t want to go to Amazon and want to find another place to buy it that you feel more comfortable with, go to Penguin Random House and just put in “Good Writing, Anne Lamott.” I think it’ll take you to a splash page that gives you a choice of a half dozen online places to order it.

Jo: Brilliant. Well, thanks so much, both of you, for your time. This has been brilliant.

Anne: Oh, Jo, thank you. Pleasure and an honour. Thank you for having us.

Neal: Thank you, Jo. As you can see, we really get turned on talking about this!

Anne: Yes, we do.

The post Strong Verbs And Hard Truths. Good Writing With Anne Lamott and Neal Allen first appeared on The Creative Penn.

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Author: Joanna Penn

9 Tips for How to Write Dark Stories Responsibly (And Make Hope Feel Earned)

Why do some dark stories feel true and even redemptive while others feel icky and draining? And why do some hopeful stories resonate deeply while others feel saccharine and shallow? When writers consider how to write dark stories responsibly, what we are really asking is a deeper craft question: how do we move through the shadowy parts of existence without abandoning meaning? I would say the difference is not in questioning whether stories should be dark versus light, but whether they have earned whatever meaning they are offering.

When I ran my survey last year, one of the most requested topics was some variation on walking the tightrope of such polarities as darkness and light, despair and hope. I heard from many of you asking for topics that addressed:

  • Stories that acknowledge darkness but don’t leave you hopeless.
  • Writing light in a dark world.
  • Hope without sentimentality.

Next Level Plot Structure (Amazon affiliate link)

A few months ago, I broached this topic with a post called “Why Writers Need a Sense of Wonder in Fiction More Than Ever,” in which I looked at darkness as an integral part of a story’s arc. I explored why our current fascination with darkness in storytelling is not only understandable but necessary. Stories have always descended into shadow to help us confront fear, trauma, and moral failure. More than that, this “darkness” is an inherent part of the story arc itself—mostly notably in such beats as the Third Plot Point‘s Low Moment or Dark Night of the Soul.

What Role Does Darkness Play in the Story Arc?

The story arc itself, however, teaches us that darkness is not meant to be the destination. The shape of story—initiation, descent, death, rebirth—shows us a larger pattern of meaning, in which death and despair are necessary but not definitive. To me, this sense of “wonder” emphasizes not just hope but a deeper connection to meaning and purpose. As such, it is neither naïveté nor denial, but an underlying structural pattern. It is what allows us to resolve our suffering into meaning rather than despair.

Take a moment to think about some of your favorite stories. See if you can name five to ten. Try to consider stories from several different genres. Perhaps some of these are just ones you thoroughly enjoyed; they entertained you and made you happy. Some may be stories you’ve only read or watched once, but that left a deep impact on you.

I’m sure your list contains a good mix of moments that include both darkness and hope. Maybe your list includes some romances with guaranteed HEAs. Maybe it has some ambiguous endings like Cold Mountain and The Road. Maybe there is hope rising like the sun up from utter darkness in stories such as Lord of the RingsMaybe there are stories that are just jolly good romps like those from Terry Pratchett’s Discworld or The Night Circus. Maybe some end with a surge of affirmation as in Shawshank Redemption or It’s a Wonderful Life. Perhaps some end in a defiant wail like Flowers of War or Saving Private Ryan. Perhaps some are even darker.

In all of them, there will almost certainly be a mix of the light and the dark—the chiaroscuro of life—but if these stories have mattered to you, stuck with you, and spoken to you, it is probably because you can identify a truthfulness in how they balance the two.

Although you may not be able to list them so readily, no doubt you can also remember the feeling of interacting with stories that did not recreate this truthfulness—that felt forced in their insistence on a happy ending, moralistic in their proffering of a message, or deafening in their bullying toward despair and defeat.

What makes the difference? Why do some stories move us so profoundly, while others leave us feeling dissonance?

How to Write Dark Stories Responsibly by Earning Meaning

From the technical standpoint of craft, we can differentiate between narratives in which:

  • Hope emerges from consequences… rather than being pasted on as reassurance.
  • Darkness courageously interrogates meaning… rather than simply negating meaning.

Audiences will never reject hope in a story just because it’s positive or darkness just because it’s dark. They push back only when they can’t trust the story’s ability to truthfully comment upon the causal consequences of its plot. Audiences don’t inherently dislike optimism; neither, in fact, do they inherently dislike cruelty as a narrative trope. What they want in either case is moral specificity, just as what they will always reject is “narrative debt” in which conclusions feel unearned.

Hope will fail to feel hopeful and will instead devolve into naïveté (or, worse, dogma) when it ignores causality in a story’s events and a character’s development. Likewise, darkness will fail to feel bracing or courageous the moment it insists on blocking or denying the forward movement of life’s own impulse toward regeneration.

3 Craft Principles for How to Write Hope Without Naïveté

Although it is helpful to understand the deeper relationship of story theory to the principles of light and dark, what writers most need to know is how to resonantly execute them at the appropriate moments within any given narrative. Since we’ve been talking a lot about theory over the past few months, today I wanted to offer some practical craft techniques for creating hope and despair on the page in a way that grips audiences by offering a deeper sense of resonance and truthfulness.

To get us started, here are three principles for writing hope in your stories without coming across as naïve, flippant, or unearned. You don’t just want to give readers a “happy” story or scene; you want them to feel the truth of Happiness itself down to the depths of their beings.

1. Hope Must Have Consequences

In life, hope is free. Like love, it is a vibration, a frequency, a state of being (perhaps even our natural state of being).

In a story, however, hope—particularly as a thematic conclusion—will feel most resonant when it is earned—when it is chosen in the face of the odds and snatched from the very teeth of despair. Partly, this is because however “free” hope may be in real life, most of us are intimately familiar with the daily struggle of hanging on to it—of venturing out into a society whose frequency is largely tuned in the other direction.

More than that, from a narrative standpoint, the greater the contrast between the characters’ reasons to despair and their choices not to—the more dramatic and powerful the choice to hope will feel.

For Example: There’s a reason Sam’s speech in Two Towers gives us chills:

The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002), New Line Cinema.

  • Ask: What does believing in a positive outcome cost the character right now?

2. Let Hope Be Provisional, Not Absolute

For the most part, we experience hope and despair as part of a continuum. Our most hopeful moments are often poignant with the shadowy possibility of failure. Indeed, this is why we speak of hope instead of certainty.

Stories that insist on hope as an absolute often feel shallow at best and moralistic at worst. In a story, hope does not need to promise ultimate victory. It only needs to promise that the arc continues and the larger story goes on. This keeps hope aligned with ambiguity, which we instinctively believe more than someone else’s totalizing, however “positive” it may be.

For Example: In Secondhand Lions, Robert Duvall’s character Hub McCann encourages his grand-nephew to believe in such ideas as “good triumphs over evil” and “true love never dies,” because “they are worth believing in… doesn’t matter if they are true or not.”

Hub McCann speaks to his grand-nephew about believing in good triumphing over evil in Secondhand Lions

Hub McCann encourages his grand-nephew to believe in ideals such as good triumphing over evil, even without certainty. (Secondhand Lions (2003), New Line Cinema)

  • Ask: Where does this hope acknowledge risk? What shadow still lingers at its edges?

3. Anchor Hope in Action: Show, Don’t Tell

Writing Your Story’s Theme (Amazon affiliate link)

Hopefulness in a story falls flat when the narrative fails to support it. Like all good thematic principles, hope must be shown not told. A message of “We Must Have Hope!” will never land with the same conviction as a story that thematically proves—via the intersection of plot events and character arcs—how hope interacts with specific events.

Characters must be more than mouthpieces for happy messages; they must prove the worthiness of those messages via their own willingness to either be changed by them or to stand by them even in the face of consequences.

Stories are most powerful when they begin with a question (“Can we hope?”) instead of an answer (“We must hope!”). Depth and nuance are created in the honest exploration of how a question finds answers amidst the cause and effect of character choices and plot events.

For Example: One of the most famous thematic presentations of hope is The Shawshank Redemption, which earns its famous closing line (“I hope.”) through a narrative of steadfastness in the face of unjust imprisonment and suffering.

Andy Dufresne standing in the rain after escaping prison in The Shawshank Redemption

Andy Dufresne stands in the rain after his escape, embodying hope earned through perseverance and sacrifice. (The Shawshank Redemption (1994), Columbia Pictures)

  • Ask: What concrete choice proves this hope is worth believing in?

3 Craft Principles for How to Write Dark Stories Responsibly

Like hope, darkness must be handled with intention. When writers ask how to write dark stories responsibly, they are not asking whether they should include suffering, violence, or moral failure. They are asking how to ensure those elements serve the arc rather than derail it. Darkness becomes powerful when it is purposeful. We want it to reveal, transform, and refine meaning instead of simply amplifying despair.

The following principles offer a way to tether darkness to structure so that even the bleakest moments participate in the story’s forward movement rather than stalling the underlying arc.

4. Clarify What the Darkness Is For

At its best, the inclusion of darkness in fiction is an act of courage. It is both a calling to accountability the forces of external darkness and a wail of defiance unto the monsters of our internal darkness. At its worst, darkness in fiction is irresponsible and even cowardly. Ironically, its inclusion becomes a refusal to walk through the shadows in search of the light.

It is incumbent upon authors to understand the purpose darkness plays in a story. This begins, as we’ve been discussing, with an understanding of the deeper archetypal role it plays in the overall story arc. More specifically, it requires us to identify what the darkness in our individual stories is trying to critique, confront, and transform.

Darkness represents the corruption of what is good, healthy, and functional. Therefore, in highlighting darkness, stories are inevitably interrogating the corrupt form of something that would otherwise represent an inherent good—everything from corruption of power to false innocence to egoic identity to moral compromise.

A good rule of thumb is that if the darkness doesn’t challenge or reveal something specific, it risks becoming spectacle rather than meaning.

For Example: One of the most powerful characters in Steven Spielberg’s Saving Private Ryan is the captured German soldier “Steamboat Willie”—who creates a push-pull of good and evil within the squad members who variously want to kill him or release him—highlighting the complexities and ultimately corrupting nature of war itself.

Saving Private Ryan (1998), DreamWorks Pictures.

  • Ask: What specific truth is this darkness revealing that the story could not reveal any other way?

5. Track Psychological Cause and Effect

Explicit portrayals of darkness, evil, cruelty, and suffering in stories often toe the thin line of gratuitousness. In my opinion, they always cross this line whenever they fail to portray an honest causality.

Unexamined suffering feels manipulative. To portray dark elements without confronting their effects on all involved—perpetrator, victim, and bystanders—is disingenuous. Apart from any social irresponsibility, it risks falling flat simply because it does not track the audience’s own empathic reaction.

The darker a story element, the greater the necessity for contextual exploration of its effects. I will go so far as to say this is one of the reasons the action genre has increasingly felt emptier and emptier in recent decades: the levels of explicit violence increase but the contextual characterization does not.

For every psychological trauma your characters encounter, consider showing at least one example of how it changes their perception. Remember: if something doesn’t change, the plot hasn’t moved. How does it alter their relationships? How does it narrow or clarify their choices? Darkness earns its place when it transforms the story, rather than existing simply for shock value.

For Example: This is just as important in “fun” genre stories as in explicit dramas. As a small example, consider how Luke Skywalker dramatically matures (even if mostly off-screen) in the aftermath of losing his hand and discovering his father is Darth Vader.

Star Wars Empire Strikes Back Luke Skywalker Noooo

Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back (1980), 20th Century Fox.

  • Ask: How has this suffering changed the character’s perception, relationships, or future choices?

6. Avoid Absolute Conclusions: Don’t Generalize

Just as “unproven” hope can feel obnoxiously ideological, darkness becomes corrosive when it claims universality. Be wary of implicit messages such as:

  • “Everyone is selfish.”
  • “Power is always corrupt.”
  • “True love is a myth.”

Instead, let the story say: “This is what happened here, under these conditions.” Once again, this is ultimately about successfully showing rather than telling. Specificity is what preserves realistic darkness in a story without collapsing it into nihilism.

For Example: Emily Brontë’s Wuthering Heights is one of my favorite examples for this. The central story of childhood abuse, obsessive romantic passion, and morbid revenge is couched within a larger context that reveals the unmitigated consequences of these actions, while still contrasting them with the choices and perspectives of other characters.

Wuthering Heights BBC Tom Hardy Charlotte Riley Heathcliff Cathy Linton

Heathcliff and Catherine Earnshaw in a scene highlighting obsessive passion and destructive consequence. (Wuthering Heights (2009), BBC)

  • Ask: Is this story exploring a specific failure—or making a sweeping claim about humanity?

How to Balance Darkness and Hope in a Complete Character Arc

Character arcs—and therefore stories—can end happily or unhappily. What a resonant ending requires in either case is an evolution of meaning that carries both shadow and light forward. When a story recognizes that darkness and hope exist within each other, it can honor suffering without surrendering to it—or embrace hope without using it to bypass struggle.

The following principles focus on how to ensure your story retains value, integrity, and forward momentum no matter its outcome.

7. Preserve Meaning Beyond the External Result

A happy ending is not always a hopeful ending (think of The Graduate), just as a dark ending is not always a tragic ending (think of Children of Men). What is important in either scenario is less which end of the spectrum is emphasized in the final beat and more that an underlying sense of meaning—and progression—is allowed to emerge. You want readers to be able to think about what mattered in the end, even if there were failures. If truth were upheld, what was the cost? What was preserved that could have been lost? What was lost that could have been preserved?

For Example: The Terminator ends with the bittersweet ambiguity of a battle won and an enemy defeated—but also a love lost and a once safe perception of the world forever destroyed. What anchors the ending is the personal conviction and sense of purpose Sarah Connor carries away with the knowledge of what her unborn son will face as he grows into an irreplaceable shatterpoint in human history.

Sarah Connor prepares to drive into an uncertain future, carrying hard-won conviction after loss and sacrifice. (The Terminator (1984), Orion Pictures)

  • Ask: What value remains intact even if the external goal is lost?

8. Keep One Moral Line Unbroken: What Endures Even Amidst Change?

Meaning arises from a sense of progression: no matter what has happened, life goes on changing. Equally, however, we need to feel that certain elements remain unchanged—and perhaps even unchangeable. This is about preserving a sense of integrity in the story that ultimately reflects that of life itself.

Creating Character Arcs (Amazon affiliate link)

Stories are fundamentally about perspective; character arcs are fundamentally about changing perspective, usually by evolving out of misperceptions. Inherent in this process is disillusionment. Much of this disillusionment will have to do with our perception of relationships and society—a realization that these are not permanent or ultimate forms, but that they are always evolving.

Amidst this often disorienting willingness (or sometimes just inescapability) to change, we also want to feel that some deeper form of integrity remains to our understanding of and relationship to life and the world around us. Even in the darkest of stories, the presence of a single unbroken conviction can often carry more hope than a happy resolution.

For Example: One my favorite movies, The Great Escape, ends with an undeniable tragedy—the execution of almost all of the escaped POWs whom the audience has grown to care about over the course of the story. The final scene returns to a familiar motif: Steve McQueen’s irrepressible “Cooler King”  recaptured once again and sent back to solitary confinement. While ultimately a tragic moment amidst a tragic ending, the repetition of this scene (harking back to previous scenes in which he was “escaped, recaptured, escaped, recaptured”) ends firmly in the promise that, despite everything, he and the others have not been broken and will attempt to escape again. They’ve been recaptured, but as their jailers are arrested by the SS for their failures, it is also clear that, in spite of everything, they have won and that “from a certain point of view” it was all worth it.

Great Escape

The Great Escape (1963), The Mirisch Company.

  • Ask: What is one thing the story refuses to betray (e.g., a promise, a love, a truth, a responsibility, etc.)?

9. Check Whether the Ending Honors the Arc

To some extent, every story needs both hope and darkness. They both should function as a slap in the face—something that wakes us up, challenges us, demands accountability. Stories feel naïve or nihilistic only when these elements exist outside of or to the exclusion of the larger regenerative life cycle.

Stories that do not threaten hope are boring. Stories that do not offer hope are defeatist.

Understanding how hope and despair dance through every beat of story structure and character arc can help us find a balance that touches a truthful place inside all of us where both hope and despair exist together and perhaps even as part of each other.

The outcome of any given story is not what determines whether or not it is “hopeful” or “dark.” The outcome is just the moment this story chose to emphasize on the timeline of the larger cycle. What is most important is the indication that this outcome is part of a cycle, and that the cycle rolls on.

For Example: At the end of The Road, the father dies, and the world remains in ash. But the boy carries the fire on, providing a sense of forward momentum and continuity through inherited value and purpose.

The Road Cormac McCarthy Viggo Mortensen

Father and son continue down the ash-covered road, carrying the fire forward even in a broken world. (The Road (2009), Dimension Films)

  • Ask: Have the characters learned, even if they failed? Has their worldview shifted, even subtly? Has the story pointed forward even if it ends ambiguously?

A Simple Litmus Test for Both Responsible Darkness and Earned Hope

When a story honors its arc—from hope to darkness and back again—audiences won’t end feeling anesthetized, scolded, or numbed. They will feel satisfied but also perhaps at least a little bit confronted. Whether the ending is triumphant, tragic, or somewhere in between, it should serve to expand the audience’s experience of life.

Darkness, when responsibly rendered, clarifies what matters. Hope, when honestly earned, strengthens our willingness to protect it. Together, they remind us that the purpose of story is not to escape from reality but to engage ever more deeply with it.

The balance of darkness and hope matters not so much because every story must resolve neatly between one or the other, and certainly not because every narrative must act as reassurance. Instead, we want to feel that stories participate in shaping our expectations of the world and of ourselves. When a character arc moves even subtly toward greater awareness, integrity, or responsibility, the ending honors the larger regenerative cycle of meaning. It tells us that loss is not the final word, nor is triumph the final destination. The cycle rolls on. If readers close the book feeling steadier, braver, or more awake to the truth of both shadow and light, then the story has done its work.

Pinterest graphic for how to write dark stories responsibly and make hope feel earned

Want More? Join My Upcoming Class!

When we talk about writing dark stories responsibly, we’re ultimately talking about how transformation functions beneath the surface. What kind of change are we portraying? Is it corrective? Is it redemptive? Is it something deeper?

These are questions I’ll be exploring further in just a few weeks on April 1 in the first of my brand new Story School classes. This one is on Ego-Driven vs. Soul-Driven Character Arcs. In it, I’m exploring how different modes of transformation shape not just plot, but how they can take us deeper and deeper into meaning. If you’re interested in writing stories that feel psychologically true and archetypally resonant, I hope you’ll join me for the class! You can find out more here.

Karmic vs Dharmic Arc Class Thumbnail

Wordplayers, tell me your opinions! When you think about how to write dark stories responsibly, how do you ensure hope feels earned rather than forced in your own character arcs? Tell me in the comments!

Click the “Play” button to Listen to Audio Version (or subscribe to the Helping Writers Become Authors podcast in Apple Podcast, Amazon Music, or Spotify).

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Author: K.M. Weiland | @KMWeiland

Writing Characters: 15 Actionable Tips For Writing Deep Character

What makes a character so compelling that readers will forgive almost anything about the plot? How do you move beyond vague flaws and generic descriptions to create people who feel pulled from real life? In this solo episode, I share 15 actionable tips for writing deep characters, curated from past interviews on the podcast.

In the intro, thoughts from London Book Fair [Instagram reel @jfpennauthor; Publishing Perspectives; Audible; Spotify]; Insights from a 7-figure author business [BookBub].

This show is supported by my Patrons. Join my Community and get articles, discounts, and extra audio and video tutorials on writing craft, author business, and AI tools, at Patreon.com/thecreativepenn 

This episode has been created from previous episodes of The Creative Penn Podcast, curated by Joanna Penn, as well as chapters from How to Write a Novel: From Idea to Book. Links to the individual episodes are included in the transcript below.

In this episode:

  • Master the ‘Believe, Care, Invest’ trifecta, how to hook readers on the very first page
  • Define the Dramatic Question: Who is your character when the chips are down?
  • Absolute specificity. Why “she’s controlling” isn’t good enough
  • Understand the Heroine’s Journey, strength through connection, not solo action
  • Use ‘Metaphor Families’ to anchor dialogue and give every character a distinctive voice
  • Find the Diagnostic Detail, the moments that prove a character is real
  • Writing pain onto the page without writing memoir
  • Write diverse characters as real people, not stereotypes or plot devices
  • Give your protagonist a morally neutral ‘hero’ status. Compelling beats likeable.
  • Build vibrant side characters for series longevity and spin-off potential
  • Use voice as a rhythmic tool
  • Link character and plot until they’re inseparable
  • Why discovery writers can write out of order and still build deep character
  • Find the sensory details that make characters live and breathe

More help with how to write fiction here, or in my book, How to Write a Novel.

Writing Characters: 15 Tips for Writing Deep Character in Your Fiction

In today’s episode, I’m sharing fifteen tips for writing deep characters, synthesised from some of the most insightful interviews on The Creative Penn Podcast over the past few years, combined with what I’ve learned across more than forty books of my own. I’ll be referencing episodes with Matt Bird, Will Storr, Gail Carriger, Barbara Nickless, and Sarah Elisabeth Sawyer. I’ll also draw on my own book, How to Write a Novel, which covers these fundamentals in detail.

Whether you’re writing your first novel or your fiftieth, whether you’re a plotter or a discovery writer like me, these tips will help you create characters that readers believe in, care about, and invest in—and keep coming back for more. Let’s get into it.

1. Master the ‘Believe, Care, Invest’ Trifecta

When I spoke with Matt Bird on episode 624, he laid out the three things you need to achieve on the very first page of your book or in the first ten minutes of a film. He calls it “Believe, Care, and Invest.”

First, the reader must believe the character is a real person, somehow proving they are not a cardboard imitation of a human being, not just a generic type walking through a generic plot. Second, the reader must care about the character’s circumstances. And third, the reader must invest in the character’s ability to solve the story’s central problem.

Matt used The Hunger Games as his primary example, and it’s brilliant. On the very first page, we believe Katniss’s voice. Suzanne Collins writes in first person with a staccato rhythm—lots of periods, short declarative sentences—that immediately grounds us in a survivalist mentality. We care because Katniss is starving. She’s protecting her little sister. And we invest because she is out there bow hunting, which Matt pointed out is one of the most badass things a character can do. She even kills a lynx two pages in and sells the pelt. We invest in her resourcefulness and grit before the plot has even begun.

Matt was very clear that this has nothing to do with the character being “likable.” He said his subtitle, Writing a Hero Anyone Will Love, doesn’t mean the character has to be a good person. He described “hero” as both gender-neutral and morally neutral. A hero can be totally evil or totally good. What matters is that we believe, care, and invest.

He demonstrated this beautifully by breaking down the first ten minutes of WeCrashed, where the characters of Adam and Rebekah Neumann are absolutely not likable, but we are completely hooked. Adam steals his neighbour’s Chinese food through a carefully orchestrated con involving an imaginary beer. It’s not admirable behaviour, but the tradecraft involved, as Matt put it—using a term from spy movies—makes us invest in him. We see a character trying to solve the big problem of his life, which is that he’s poor and wants to be rich, and we want to see if he can pull it off.

Actionable step: Go to the first page of your current work in progress. Does it achieve all three? Does the reader believe this is a real person with a distinctive voice? Do they care about the character’s circumstances? And do they invest in the character’s ability to handle what’s coming? If even one of those three is missing, that’s your revision priority.

2. Define the Dramatic Question: Who Are They Really?

Will Storr, author of The Science of Storytelling, came on episode 490 and gave one of the most powerful frameworks I’ve ever heard for character-driven fiction. He explained that the human brain evolved language primarily to swap social information—in other words, to gossip. We are wired to monitor other people, to ask the question: who is this person when the chips are down?

That’s what Will calls the Dramatic Question, and it’s what he believes lies at the heart of all compelling storytelling. It’s not a question about plot. It’s a question about the character’s soul. And every scene in your novel should force the character to answer it.

His example of Lawrence of Arabia is unforgettable. The Dramatic Question for the entire film is: who are you, Lawrence? Are you ordinary or are you extraordinary?

At the beginning, Lawrence is a cocky, rebellious young soldier who believes his rebelliousness makes him superior. Every iconic scene in that three-hour film tests that belief. Sometimes Lawrence acts as though he truly is extraordinary—leading the Arabs into battle, being hailed as a god—and sometimes the world strips him bare and he sees himself as ordinary. Because it’s a tragedy, he never overcomes his flaw. He doubles down on his belief that he’s extraordinary until he becomes monstrous, culminating in that iconic scene where he lifts a bloody dagger and sees his own reflection with horror.

Will also used Jaws to demonstrate how this works in a pure action thriller. Brody’s dramatic question is simple: are you going to be old Brody who is terrified of the water, or new Brody who can overcome that fear? Every scene where the shark appears is really asking that question. And the last moment of the film isn’t the shark blowing up. It’s Brody swimming back through the water, saying he used to be scared of the water and he can’t imagine why.

Actionable step: Write down the Dramatic Question for your protagonist in a single sentence. Is it “Are you ordinary or extraordinary?” or “Are you brave enough to love again?” or “Will you sacrifice your principles for survival?” If you can’t answer this with specificity, your character might still be a sketch rather than a person.

3. Get rid of Vague Flaws, and use Absolute Specificity

This was one of Will Storr’s most important points. He said that vague thinking about characters is really the enemy. When he teaches workshops and asks writers to describe their character’s flaw, most of them say something like “they’re very controlling.” And Will’s response is: that’s not good enough. Everyone is controlling. How are they controlling? What’s the specific mechanism?

He gave the example of a profile he read of Theresa May during the UK’s Brexit chaos. Someone who knew her said that Theresa May’s problem was that she always thinks she’s the only adult in every room she goes into. Will said that stopped him in his tracks because it’s so precise. If you define a character with that level of specificity, you can take them and put them in any genre, any situation—a spaceship, a Victorian drawing room, a school playground—and you will know exactly how they’re going to behave.

The same applies to Arthur Miller’s Willy Loman in Death of a Salesman, as Will described it: a man who believes absolutely in capitalistic success and the idea that when you die, you’re going to be weighed on a scale, just as God weighs you for sin, but now you’re weighed for success. That’s not a vague flaw. That’s a worldview you can drop into any story and watch it combust.

Will made another counterintuitive point that I found really valuable: writers often think that piling on multiple traits will create a complex character, but the opposite is true. Starting with one highly specific flaw and running it through the demands of a relentless plot is what generates complexity. You end up with a far more nuanced, original character than if you’d started with a laundry list of vague attributes.

Actionable step: Take your protagonist’s flaw and pressure-test it. Is it specific enough that you could place this character in any situation and predict their behaviour? If you’re stuck at “she’s stubborn” or “he’s insecure,” keep pushing. What kind of stubborn? What kind of insecure? Find the diagnostic sentence—the Theresa May level of precision.

4. Understand the Heroine’s Journey: Strength Through Connection

Gail Carriger came on episode 550 to discuss her nonfiction book, The Heroine’s Journey, and it completely reframed how I think about some of my own fiction.

Gail explained that the core difference between the Hero’s Journey and the Heroine’s Journey comes down to how strength and victory are defined. The Hero’s Journey is about strength through solo action. The hero must be continually isolated to get stronger. He goes out of civilisation, faces strife alone, and achieves victory through physical prowess and self-actualisation.

The Heroine’s Journey is the opposite. The heroine achieves her goals by activating a network. She’s a delegator, a general. She identifies where she can’t do something alone, finds the people who can help, and portions out the work for mutual gain. Gail put it simply: the heroine is very good at asking for help, which our culture tends to devalue but which is actually a powerful form of strength.

Crucially, Gail stressed that gender is irrelevant to which journey you’re writing. Her go-to examples are striking: the recent Wonder Woman film is practically a beat-for-beat hero’s journey—Gilgamesh on screen, as Gail described it. Meanwhile, Harry Potter, both the first book and the series as a whole, is a classic heroine’s journey. Harry’s power comes from his network—Dumbledore’s Army, the Order of the Phoenix, his friendships with Ron and Hermione. He doesn’t defeat Voldemort alone. He defeats Voldemort because of love and connection.

This distinction has real practical consequences for writers. If you’re writing a hero’s journey and you hit writer’s block, Gail said, the solution is usually to isolate your hero further and pile on more strife. But if you’re writing a heroine’s journey, the solution is probably to throw a new character into the scene—someone who has advice to offer or a skill the heroine lacks. The actual solutions to writer’s block are different depending on which narrative you’re writing.

As I reflected on my own work, I realised that my ARKANE thriller protagonist, Morgan Sierra, follows a hero’s journey—she’s a solo operative, a lone wolf like Jack Reacher or James Bond. But my Mapwalker fantasy series follows a heroine’s journey, with Sienna and her group of friends working together. I hadn’t consciously chosen those paths; the stories led me there. But understanding the framework helps me write more intentionally now.

Actionable step: Identify which journey your protagonist is on. Does your character gain strength by being alone (hero) or by building connections (heroine)? This will inform every plot decision you make, from how they face obstacles to how your story ends.

5. Use ‘Metaphor Families’ to Anchor Dialogue and Voice

One of the most practical techniques Matt Bird shared on episode 624 is the idea of assigning each character a “metaphor family”—a specific well of language that they draw from. This gives each character a distinctive voice that goes beyond accent or dialect.

Matt explained how in The Wire, one of the most beloved TV shows of all time, every character has a different metaphor family. What struck him was that Omar, this iconic character, never utters a single curse word in the entire series. His metaphor family is pirate. He talks about parlays, uses language that feels like it belongs in Pirates of the Caribbean, and it creates this incredible ironic counterpoint against his urban setting. It tells us immediately that this is a character who sees himself in a tradition of people that doesn’t match his immediate surroundings.

Matt also referenced the UK version of The Office, where Gareth works at a paper company but aspires to the military. So all of his language is drawn from a military metaphor family. He doesn’t talk about filing and photocopying; he talks about tactics and discipline and being on the front line. This tells us that the character has a life and dreams beyond the immediate scene—and it’s the gap between aspiration and reality that makes him both funny and believable.

He pointed out that a metaphor family sometimes comes from a character’s background, but it’s often more interesting when it comes from their aspirations. What does your character want to be? What world do they fantasise about inhabiting? That’s where their language should come from. In Star Wars, Obi-Wan Kenobi is a spiritual hermit, but his metaphor family is military. He uses the language of generals and commanders, and that ironic counterpoint is part of what makes him feel so rich.

Actionable step: Assign each of your main characters a metaphor family. It could be based on their job, their background, or—more interestingly—their secret aspirations. Then go through your dialogue and make sure each character is consistently drawing from that well of language. If two characters sound the same when you strip away the dialogue tags, this is the fix.

6. Find the Diagnostic Detail: The Diagonal Toast

Avoid clichéd character tags—the random scar, the eye patch, the mysterious limp—unless they serve a deep narrative purpose. Matt Bird on episode 624 was very funny about this: he pointed out that Nick Fury, Odin, and eventually Thor all have eye patches in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Eye patches are done, he said. You cannot do eye patches anymore.

Instead, look for what I’m calling the “diagonal toast” detail, after a scene Matt described from Captain Marvel. In the film, Captain Marvel is trying to determine whether Nick Fury is who he says he is. She asks him to prove he isn’t a shapeshifting alien. Fury shares biographical details—his history, his mother—but then she pushes further and says, name one more thing you couldn’t possibly have made up about yourself. And Fury says: if toast is cut diagonally, I can’t eat it.

Matt said that detail is gold for a writer because it feels pulled from a real life. You can pull it from your own life and gift it to your characters, and the reader can tell it’s not manufactured. He gave another example from The Sopranos: Tony Soprano’s mother won’t answer the phone after dark. The show’s creator, David Chase, confirmed on the DVD commentary that this came from his own mother, who genuinely would not answer the phone after dark and couldn’t explain why.

Matt’s practical advice was to keep a journal. Write down the strange, specific things that people do or say. Mine your own life for those hyper-specific details. You just need one per book. In my own writing, I’ve used this approach.

In my ARKANE thrillers, my character Morgan Sierra has always been Angelina Jolie in my mind—specifically Jolie in Lara Croft or Mr and Mrs Smith. And Blake Daniel in my crime thriller series was based on Jesse Williams from Grey’s Anatomy. I paste pictures of actors into my Scrivener projects. It helps with visuals, but also with the sense of the character, their energy and physicality.

But visual details only take you so far. It’s the behavioural quirks—the diagonal toast moments—that make a character feel genuinely alive.

That said, physical character tags can work brilliantly when they serve the story. As I discuss in How to Write a Novel, Robert Galbraith’s Cormoran Strike is an amputee, and his pain and the physical challenges of his prosthesis are a key part of every story—it’s not a cosmetic detail, it’s woven into the action and the character’s psychology.

My character Blake Daniel always wears gloves to cover the scars on his hands, which provides an angle into his wounded past as well as a visual cue for the reader. And of course, Harry Potter’s lightning-shaped scar isn’t just a mark—it’s a direct connection to his nemesis and the mythology of the entire series.

How to write a novel

The rule of thumb is: if the tag tells us something about the character’s interior life or connects to the plot, it’s earning its place. If it’s just there to make the character visually distinctive, it’s probably a crutch. Game of Thrones takes character tags further with the family houses, each with their own mottos and sigils. The Starks say “Winter is coming” and their sigil is a dire wolf. Those aren’t just labels—they’re worldview made visible.

Actionable step: Start a “diagonal toast” notebook. Every time you notice something strange and specific about someone’s behaviour—something that feels too real to be made up—write it down. Then gift it to a character who needs more texture.

7. Displace Your Own Trauma into the Work

Barbara Nickless shared something deeply personal on episode 732 that fundamentally changed how I think about putting pain onto the page. While starting At First Light, the first book in her Dr. Evan Wilding series, she lost her son to epilepsy—something called SUDEP, Sudden Unexplained Death in Epilepsy. One day he was there, and the next day he was gone.

Barbara said that writing helped her cope with the trauma, that doing a deep dive into Old English literature and the Viking Age for the book’s research became a lifeline. But here’s what’s important: she didn’t give Dr. Evan Wilding her exact trauma. Evan Wilding is four feet five inches, and Barbara described how he has to walk through a world that won’t adjust to him. That’s its own form of learning to cope when circumstances are beyond your control. She displaced her genuine grief into the character’s different but parallel struggle.

When I asked her about the difference between writing for therapy and writing for an audience, she drew on her experience teaching creative writing to veterans through a collaboration between the US Department of Defense and the National Endowment for the Arts. She said she’s found that she can pour her heartache into her characters and process it through them, even when writing professionally, and that the genuine emotion is what touches readers. We’ve all been through our own losses and griefs, so seeing how a character copes can be deeply meaningful.

I’ve always found that putting my own pain onto the page is the most direct way to connect with a reader’s soul. My character Morgan Sierra’s musings on religion and the supernatural are often my own. Her restlessness, her fascination with the darker edges of faith—those come from me. But her Krav Maga fighting skills and her ability to kill the bad guys are definitely her own. That gap between what’s mine and what’s hers is where the fiction lives.

Barbara also said something on that episode that I wrote down and stuck on my wall. She said the act of producing itself is a balm to the soul. I’ve been thinking about that ever since. On my own wall, I have “Measure your life by what you create.” Different words, same truth.

Actionable step: If you’re carrying something heavy—grief, anger, fear, regret—consider how you might displace it into a character’s different but emotionally parallel struggle. Don’t copy your exact situation; transform it. The emotion will be genuine, and the reader will feel it.

8. Write Diverse Characters as Real People

When I spoke with Sarah Elisabeth Sawyer on episode 673—Sarah is Choctaw and a historical fiction author honoured by the Smithsonian’s National Museum of the American Indian—she offered a perspective that every fiction writer needs to hear.

The key message was to move away from stereotypes. Don’t write your American Indian character as the “Wise Guide” who exists solely to dispense mystic wisdom to the white protagonist. Don’t limit diverse characters to historical settings, as though they only exist in the past. Place them in normal, contemporary roles. Your spaceship captain, your forensic scientist, your small-town baker—any of them can be American Indian, or Nigerian, or Japanese, and their heritage should be a lived-in part of their identity, not the sole reason they exist in the story.

I write international thrillers and dark fantasy, and my fiction is populated with characters from all over the world. I have a multi-cultural family and I’ve lived in many places and travelled widely, so I’ve met, worked with, and had relationships with people from different cultures. I find story ideas through travel, and if I set my books in a certain place, then the story is naturally populated with the people who live there.

As I discuss in my book, How to Write a Novel, the world is a diverse place, so your fiction needs to be populated with all kinds of people. If I only populated my fiction with characters like me, they would be boring novels. There are many dimensions of difference—race, nationality, sex, age, body type, ability, religion, gender, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, class, culture, education level—and even then, don’t assume that similar types of people think the same way.

Some authors worry they will make mistakes. We live in a time of outrage, and some authors have been criticised for writing outside their own experience. So is it too dangerous to try? Of course not. The media amplifies outliers, and most authors include diverse characters in every book without causing offence because they work hard to get it right. It’s about awareness, research, and intent.

Actionable step: Audit the cast of your current work in progress. Have you written a mono-cultural perspective for all of them? If so, consider who could bring a different background, perspective, or set of cultural specifics to the story. Not as a token addition, but as a real person with a real life.

9. Respect Tribal and Cultural Specificity

Sarah Elisabeth Sawyer on episode 673 was emphatic about one thing: never treat diverse groups as monolithic. If you’re writing a Native American character, you must research the specific nation. Choctaw is not Navajo, just as British is not French.

Sarah described the distinct cultural markers of the Choctaw people—the diamond pattern you’ll see on traditional shirts and dresses, which represents the diamondback rattlesnake. They have distinct dances and songs. She said that if she saw someone in traditional dress at a distance, she would know whether they were Choctaw based on what they were wearing.

She encouraged writers who want to write specifically about a nation to get to know those people. Go to events, go to a powwow, learn about the individual culture. She noted that a big misconception is that American Indians exist only in the past—she stressed that they are still here, still living their cultures, and fiction should reflect that present reality.

I took a similar approach when writing Destroyer of Worlds, which is set mostly in India. I read books about Hindu myth, watched documentaries about the sadhus, and had one of my Indian readers from Mumbai check my cultural references. For Risen Gods, set in New Zealand with a young Maori protagonist, I studied books about Maori mythology and fiction by Maori authors, and had a male Maori reader check for cultural issues. Research is simply an act of empathy.

The practical takeaway is this: if you’re going to include a character from a specific cultural background, do the work. Use specific cultural details rather than generic signifiers. Sarah talked about how even she fell into stereotypes when she was first writing, until her mother pointed them out. If someone from within a culture can fall into those traps, the rest of us certainly can. Do the research, try your best, ask for help, and apologise if you need to.

Actionable step: If you’re writing a character from a specific culture, identify three to five sensory or behavioural details that are particular to that culture—not the generic version, but the real, researched, lived-in version. Consider hiring a sensitivity reader from that community to check your work.

10. Give Your Protagonist a Morally Neutral ‘Hero’ Status

Matt Bird was clear about this on episode 624: the word “hero” simply means the protagonist, the person we follow through the story. It’s a functional role, not a moral label. We don’t have to like them. We don’t even have to root for their goals in a moral sense. We just have to find them compelling enough to invest our attention in their problem-solving.

Think of Succession, where every member of the Roy family is varying degrees of awful, and yet the show was utterly compelling. Or WeCrashed, where Adam Neumann is a narcissistic con artist, but we can’t look away because he’s trying to solve the enormous problem of building an empire from nothing, and the tradecraft he employs is fascinating.

As I wrote in How to Write a Novel, readers must want to spend time with your characters. They don’t have to be lovable or even likable—that will depend on your genre and story choices—but they have to be captivating enough that we want to spend time with them. A character who is trying to solve a massive problem will naturally draw investment from the audience, even if we wouldn’t want to have tea with them.

Will Storr extended this idea by pointing out that the audience will actually root for a character to solve their problem even if the audience doesn’t actually want the character’s goal to be achieved in the real world. We don’t really want more billionaires, but we invested in Adam Neumann’s rise because that was the problem the story posed, and our brains are wired to invest in problem-solving.

This connects to something deeper: what does your character want, and why? As I explore in How to Write a Novel, desire operates on multiple levels.

Take a character like Phil, who joins the military during wartime. On the surface, she wants to serve her country. But she also wants to escape her dead-end town and learn new skills. Deeper still, her father and grandfather served, and by joining up, she hopes to finally earn their respect. And perhaps deepest of all, her father died on a mission under mysterious circumstances, and she wants to find out what happened from the inside.

That layering of motivation is what turns a flat character into a three-dimensional one. The audience doesn’t need to be told all of this explicitly. It can emerge through action, dialogue, and the choices the character makes under pressure. But you, the writer, need to know it. You need to know what your character really wants deep down, because that desire—more than any external plot device—is what drives the story forward.

And your antagonist needs the same depth. They also want something, often diametrically opposed to your protagonist, and they need a reason that makes sense to them. In my ARKANE thriller Tree of Life, my antagonist is the heiress of a Brazilian mining empire who wants to restore the Earth to its original state to atone for the destruction caused by her father’s company. She’s part of a radical ecological group who believe the only way to restore Nature is to end all human life. It’s extreme, but in an era of climate change, it’s a motivation readers can understand—even if they disagree with the solution.

Actionable step: If you’re struggling to make a morally grey character work, make sure their problem is big enough and their methods are specific and interesting enough that we invest in the how, even if we’re ambivalent about the what.

11. Build Vibrant Side Characters

Gail Carriger made a point on episode 550 that was equal parts craft advice and business strategy. In a Heroine’s Journey model, side characters aren’t just fodder to be killed off to motivate the hero. They form a network. And because you don’t have to kill them—unlike in a hero’s journey, where allies are often betrayed or removed so the hero can be further isolated—you can pick up those side characters and give them their own books.

Gail said this creates a really voracious reader base. You write one series with vivid side characters, and then readers fall in love with those side characters and want their stories. So you write spin-offs. The romance genre does this brilliantly—think of the Bridgerton books, where each sibling gets their own novel. The side character in one book becomes the protagonist in the next.

Barbara Nickless experienced this firsthand with her Dr. Evan Wilding series. She has River Wilding, Evan’s adventurous brother, and Diana, the axe-throwing research assistant, and her editor has already expressed interest in a spin-off series with those characters. Barbara described creating characters she wants to spend time with, or characters who give her nightmares but also intrigue her. That’s the dual test: are they interesting enough for you to write, and interesting enough for readers to demand more?

As I wrote in How to Write a Novel, characters that span series can deepen the reader’s relationship with them as you expand their backstory into new plots. Readers will remember the character more than the plot or the book title, and look forward to the next instalment because they want more time with those people.

British crime author Angela Marsons described it as readers feeling like returning to her characters is like putting on a pair of old slippers.

Actionable step: Look at your supporting cast. Is there a side character who is vivid enough to carry their own story? If not, what could you add—a specific hobby, a distinct voice, a compelling backstory—that would make readers want more of them?

12. Use Voice as a Rhythmic Tool

Voice is one of the most important elements of novel writing, and Matt Bird helped me think about it in a technical, mechanical way that I found really useful. He pointed out that the ratio of periods to commas defines a character’s internal reality.

A staccato rhythm—lots of periods, short sentences—suggests a character who is certain, grounded, or perhaps survivalist and traumatised. Katniss in The Hunger Games has a period-heavy voice. She’s in survival mode. She doesn’t have time for complexity or qualification.

A flowing, comma-heavy style suggests someone more academic, more nuanced, or possibly more scattered and manipulative. The character who qualifies everything, who adds sub-clauses and digressions, is a different kind of person from the character who speaks in declarations.

This is something you can actually measure. Pull up a passage of your character’s dialogue or internal monologue and count the periods versus the commas. If the rhythm doesn’t match who the character is supposed to be, you’ve found a mismatch you can fix. Sentence length is the heartbeat of your character’s persona.

And voice extends beyond rhythm to the words themselves. As I discussed in the metaphor families tip, each character should draw from a distinctive well of language. But voice also encompasses their relationship to silence. Some characters talk around the thing they mean; others say it straight. Some are self-deprecating; others are blunt to the point of rudeness. All of these choices are character choices, not just style choices.

I find it useful to read my dialogue aloud—and not just to check for naturalness, but to hear whether each character sounds distinct. If you could swap dialogue lines between two characters and nobody would notice, you have a voice problem. One practical test: cover the dialogue tags and see if you can tell who’s speaking from the words alone.

Actionable step: Choose a key passage from your protagonist’s point of view and read it aloud. Does the rhythm match the character? A soldier under fire should not sound like a philosophy professor at a wine tasting. Adjust the ratio of periods to commas until the voice feels right.

13. Link Character and Plot Until They’re Inseparable

Will Storr made the case on episode 490 that the number one problem he sees in the writing he encounters—in workshops, in submissions, even in published books—is that the characters and the plots are unconnected. There’s a story happening, and there are people in it, but the story isn’t a product of who those people are.

He said a story should be like life. In our lives, the plots are intimately connected to who we are as characters. The goals we pursue, the obstacles we face, the same problems that keep recurring—these are products of our personalities, our flaws, our specific ways of being in the world.

His framework is that your plot should be designed specifically to plot against your character. You’ve got a character with a particular flaw; the plot exists to test that flaw over and over until the character either transforms or doubles down and explodes. Jaws is the perfect example. Brody is afraid of water. A shark shows up in the coastal town he’s responsible for protecting. The entire plot is engineered to force him to confront the one thing he cannot face.

Will pointed out that the whole plot of Jaws is structured around Brody’s flaw. It begins with the shark arriving, the midpoint is when Brody finally gets the courage to go into the water, and the very final scene isn’t the shark blowing up—it’s Brody swimming back through the water. Even a film that’s ninety-eight percent action is, at its core, structured around a character with a character flaw.

This is the standard I aspire to in my own work, even in my action-heavy thrillers. The external plot should be a mirror of the internal struggle. When those two are aligned, the story becomes irresistible.

Will also made an important point about series fiction, which is where most commercial authors live. I asked him how this works when your character can’t be transformed at the end of every book because there has to be a next book. His answer was elegant: you don’t cure them. Episodic TV characters like Fleabag or David Brent or Basil Fawlty never truly change—and the fact that they don’t change is actually the source of the comedy. But every episode throws a new story event at them that tests and exposes their flaw. You just keep throwing story events at them again and again. That’s a soap opera, a sitcom, and a book series.

As I wrote in How to Write a Novel, character flaws are aspects of personality that affect the person so much that facing and overcoming them becomes central to the plot.

In Jaws, the protagonist Brody is afraid of the water, but he has to overcome that flaw to destroy the killer shark and save the town. But remember, your characters should feel like real people, so never define them purely by their flaws. The character addicted to painkillers might also be a brilliant and successful female lawyer who gets up at four in the morning to work out at the gym, likes eighties music, and volunteers at the local dog shelter at weekends.

Character wounds are different from flaws. They’re formed from life experience and are part of your character’s backstory—traumatic events that happened before the events of your novel but shape the character’s reactions in the present. In my ARKANE thrillers, Morgan Sierra’s husband Elian died in her arms during a military operation. This happened before the series begins, but her memories of it recur when she faces a firefight, and she struggles to find happiness again for fear of losing someone she loves once more.

And then there’s the perennial advice: show, don’t tell. Most writers have heard this so many times that it’s easy to nod and then promptly write scenes that tell rather than show. Basically, you need to reveal your character through action and dialogue, rather than explanation.

In my thriller Day of the Vikings, Morgan Sierra fights a Neo-Viking in the halls of the British Museum and brings him down with Krav Maga. That fight scene isn’t just about showing action. It opens up questions about her backstory, demonstrates character, and moves the plot forward. Telling would be something like: “Morgan was an expert in Krav Maga.” Showing is the reader discovering it through the scene itself.

Actionable step: Look at the main plot events of your novel. For each major turning point, ask: does this scene specifically test my protagonist’s flaw? If not, can you redesign the scene so that it does? The tighter the connection between character and plot, the more powerful the story.

14. The ‘Maestra’ Approach: Write Out of Order

If you’re a discovery writer like me, you may feel like the deep character work I’ve been describing sounds more suited to plotters. But Barbara Nickless gave me a beautiful metaphor on episode 732 that reframes it entirely.

Barbara described her evolving writing process as being like a maestra standing in front of an orchestra. Sometimes you bring in the horns—a certain theme—and sometimes you bring in the strings—a certain character—and sometimes you turn to the soloist. It’s a more organic and jumping-around process than linear writing, and Barbara said she’s only recently given herself permission to work this way.

When I told her that I use Scrivener to write in scenes out of order and then drag and drop them into a structure later, she was genuinely intrigued. And this is how I’ve always worked. I’ll see the story in my mind like a movie trailer—flashes of the big emotional scenes, the pivotal confrontations, the moments of revelation—and I write those first. I don’t know how they hang together until quite late in the process. Then I’ll move scenes around, print the whole thing out, and figure out the connective tissue.

The point is that discovery writers can absolutely build deep characters. Sometimes writing the big emotional scenes first is how you discover who the character is before you fill in the rest. You don’t need a twenty-page character worksheet or a 200-page outline like Jeffery Deaver. You need to be willing to follow the character into the unknown and trust that the structure will emerge.

As Barbara said, she writes to know what she’s thinking. That’s the discovery writer’s credo. And I would add: I write to know who my characters are.

Actionable step: If you’re stuck on your current chapter, skip it. Write the scene that’s burning in your imagination, even if it’s from the middle or the end. That scene might be the key to unlocking who your character really is.

15. Use Research to Help with Empathy

Research shouldn’t just be about factual accuracy—it’s a tool for finding the sensory details that create empathy. Barbara Nickless described research as almost an excuse to explore things that fascinate her, and I feel exactly the same way. I would go so far as to say that writing is an excuse for me to explore the things that interest me.

Barbara and I both travel for our stories. For her Dr. Evan Wilding books, she did deep research into Old English literature and the Viking Age. For my thriller End of Days, I transcribed hours of video from Appalachian snake-handling churches on YouTube to understand the worldview of the worshippers, because my antagonist was brought up in that tradition. I couldn’t just make that up. I had to hear their language, feel their conviction, understand why they would hold venomous serpents as an act of faith.

Barbara also mentioned getting to Israel and the West Bank for research, and I’ve been to both places too. Finding that one specific sensory detail—the smell of a particular location, the specific way an expert handles a tool, the sound of a particular kind of music—makes the character’s life feel lived-in. It’s the difference between a character who is described as living in a place and a character who inhabits it.

As I wrote in How to Write a Novel, don’t write what you know. Write what you want to learn about. I love research. It’s part of why I’m an author in the first place. I take any excuse to dive into a world different from my own. Research using books, films, podcasts, and travel, and focus particularly on sources produced by people from the worldview you want to understand.

Actionable step: For your next piece of character research, go beyond reading. Watch a documentary, visit a location, talk to someone who lives the experience. Find one sensory detail—a smell, a sound, a texture—that you couldn’t have invented. That detail will make your character feel real.

Bonus: Measure Your Life by What You Create

In an age of AI and a tsunami of content, your ultimate brand protection is the quality of your human creation. Barbara Nickless said that the act of producing itself is a balm to the soul, and I believe that with every fibre of my being.

Don’t be afraid to take that step back, like I did with my deadlifting. Take the time to master these deeper craft skills. It might feel like you’re slowing down or going backwards by not chasing the latest marketing trend, but it’s the only way to step forward into a sustainable, high-quality career.

Your characters are your signature. No AI can replicate the specificity of your lived experience, the emotional truth of your displaced trauma, or the sensory details you’ve gathered from a life of curiosity and travel. Those are yours. Pour them into your characters, and they will resonate for years to come.

Actionable Takeaway:

Identify the Dramatic Question for your current protagonist. Can you state it in a single sentence with the kind of specificity Will Storr described? Is it as clear as “Are you ordinary or extraordinary?” or “Are you the only adult in the room?”

If you can’t answer it with that kind of precision, your character might still be a sketch. Give them a diagonal toast moment today. Find the one hyper-specific detail that proves they are not an imitation of life.

And then ask yourself: does your plot test your character’s flaw in every major scene? If you can align those two things—a precisely defined character and a plot that exists to test them—you will have a story that readers cannot put down.

References and Deep Dives

The episodes I’ve referenced today are all available with full transcripts at TheCreativePenn.com:

Episode 732 — Facing Fears, and Writing Unique Characters with Barbara Nickless

Episode 673 — Writing Choctaw Characters and Diversity in Fiction with Sarah Elisabeth Sawyer

Episode 624 — Writing Characters with Matt Bird

Episode 550 — The Heroine’s Journey with Gail Carriger

Episode 490 — How Character Flaws Shape Story with Will Storr

Books mentioned:

The Secrets of Character: Writing a Hero Anyone Will Love by Matt Bird

The Science of Storytelling by Will Storr

The Heroine’s Journey by Gail Carriger

How to Write a Novel: From Idea to Book by Joanna Penn

You can find all my books for authors at CreativePennBooks.com and my fiction and memoir at JFPennBooks.com

Happy writing!

How was this episode created?

This episode was initiated created by NotebookLM based on YouTube videos of the episodes linked above from YouTube/TheCreativePenn, plus my text chapters on character from How to Write a Novel. NotebookLM created a blog post from the material and then I expanded it and fact checked it with Claude.ai 4.6 Opus, and then I used my voice clone at ElevenLabs to narrate it.

The post Writing Characters: 15 Actionable Tips For Writing Deep Character first appeared on The Creative Penn.

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Author: Joanna Penn

Kishōtenketsu Story Structure: What It Is, How It Works, and How It Compares to Western Plotting

Note From KMW: In recent years, one of the questions I’ve been asked most often is whether I’ll write more about Eastern story structure—particularly how it compares to the Western Monomyth and the structural beats I tend to teach. In fact, when I ran my reader survey last year, exploring Kishōtenketsu was one of the top requests. So I’m especially happy this week to host an article from returning guest poster Oliver Fox, whose perspectives on Kishōtenketsu I’ve long appreciated and learned from.

Over the last few months, in both posts and podcasts, I’ve been stepping back to look at story from a higher vantage point—the overall shape of narrative, the rhythm of transformation, and the philosophical assumptions beneath structure itself.

If you enjoyed these discussions about the shape of story and why I see a Four-Act Structure as one of the most life-generative approaches to Western storytelling, I think you’ll find Oliver’s exploration of Kishōtenketsu’s four-part design particularly interesting.

He looks closely at how turning points function differently in each style, how Eastern and Western traditions aren’t necessarily opposites, and how both may reflect different phases of the same human cycle.

If you’ve been curious about Kishōtenketsu—or wondering whether it truly challenges the Monomyth or just simply reframes it—I hope you’ll take a look at Oliver’s thoughtful deep dive.

***

Hang around enough writing craft blogs, and eventually you’ll run across someone bemoaning the lack of diversity in contemporary narrative structure—particularly in contrast to models like Kishōtenketsu story structure. To some, it seems like the Monomyth (or some variant of it) is the only game in town, and it’s a game they’ve grown tired of through overfamiliarity: the characters want something, they leave behind their ordinary lives to go looking for said thing, face obstacles, obtain (or fail to obtain) their object of desire, and return home, changed by their journey.

Inevitably, into this craft milieu steps someone who has travelled a little beyond the bounds of the typical Three-Act Structure and stumbled upon the quieter Four-Act Structure common in East Asian storytelling, Kishōtenketsu, which they often tout as the solution to Monomyth fatigue. For Kishōtenketsu, they say, is a plotless structure. And to those horrified dissenters who object that a plotless story would be no story at all, its advocates say, “Well, maybe you just don’t get it.”

But is there really any need for this quietly simmering disdain between apparently rival factions?

In past articles, I’ve explored the origins, development, and impact of kishōtenketsu, and I’ve even proposed my own alternative to the Monomyth by exploring what is sometimes termed “feminine mode structure.” In today’s post, I’d like to dig a little deeper into contrasting and comparing so-called “Eastern” and “Western” story structures, exhuming the philosophical underpinnings to see what’s really at the root of each, whether they truly are irreconcilable opposites, and—if not—how they can be best understood in relation to one another.

Western Story Structure: The Monomyth in Contrast to Kishōtenketsu Story Structure

First, to recap, let’s look at a prominent simplification of Western story: screenwriter and showrunner, Dan Harmon’s “Story Circle.” In Harmon’s hands, the monomyth is reduced to its most basic components, each representing a stage in the story:

The Story Circle (Harmon)

  1. You — introduce the protagonist
  2. Need — a disruption reveals their desire or goal
  3. Go — they leave their familiar world
  4. Search — they face trials and obstacles
  5. Find — the object of desire is located
  6. Take — they attempt to claim it
  7. Pay— there’s a sacrifice, cost, or consequence
  8. Return — they return to where they began
  9. Changed — glimpse how they were transformed by the journey

This is not just an active structure, but a dramatic, proactive structure, built on desire, conflict, and suspense. Think of the Fellowship in The Lord of the Rings, trying to make their way to Mordor, where they intend to defeat the Dark Lord Sauron by destroying the ring of power in the fires of Mt. Doom.

The Fellowship gathers in Rivendell before embarking on their quest—an iconic example of the Monomyth’s Call to Adventure and departure from the Normal World. (The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001), New Line Cinema)

The driving engine of such stories is always a set of dramatic questions:

  • Will the protagonist(s) achieve their goal?
  • Who will they become in the process?
  • How will the results of their quest affect those around them?

Now what about kishōtenketsu? What’s going on over in that neck of the narrative structure woods?

What Is Kishōtenketsu Story Structure?

Kishōtenketsu story structure is a four-act narrative model originating in classical Chinese poetry and widely used in East Asian storytelling. Rather than centering on escalating conflict, it organizes story around development and contrast, culminating in a pivotal “twist” (ten) that reframes what came before.

Circular diagram illustrating the four stages of kishōtenketsu: Ki, Shō, Ten, and Ketsu.

The kishōtenketsu structure shown as a four-part cycle emphasizing development, recontextualization, and integration.

Eastern Story Structure: Understanding Kishōtenketsu Story Structure

Kishōtenketsu is a structure of a decidedly different stripe, with origins in formal Chinese poetry. It is fascinating to explore more deeply for those interested. Here, however, we’ll have to content ourselves with a general overview. Just know it is the dominant narrative structure in East Asian countries from China to Korea to Japan.

  1. Ki (Introduction) — A character is presented
  2. Shō (Development) — They go about their life
  3. Ten (Twist) — An unexpected shift disrupts their reality
  4. Ketsu (Resolution) — They respond, adapting to a new perspective

If you ask folks familiar with Kishōtenketsu for a quintessential example of the structure in popular media, the response is often going to be Kiki’s Delivery Service. In this classic anime film, Kiki is a young witch headed out on her coming-of-age journey, during which she is supposed to travel to a new town to discover her magical talent.

Kiki flying over a seaside town in Kiki’s Delivery Service, illustrating the gentle narrative progression typical of Kishōtenketsu Story Structure.

Kiki soaring above her new town—a classic example of Kishōtenketsu story structure, in which change unfolds through development and contrast rather than escalating conflict. (Kiki’s Delivery Service (1989), Studio Ghibli.)

Hold on, now—I can already hear some of you typing away, ready to take me to task in the comments, saying, “Well, that sounds pretty monomythical to me, bub!” Please, be patient, and hear me out.

Kiki has no clear, specific concrete goal for us to root her toward—so there’s no obvious plan that can go wrong, no set of steps, no try-fail cycles for her to work through to cross the finish line, as it were. Rather, she merely relocates and hopes for the best as she adapts to life in her new environment. While she’s settling in, she gets a job as a delivery girl, and the twist comes when, for no obvious reason (though there is a subtle one), she loses her ability to fly on her mother’s magic broomstick. The fourth and final act is the only place any hint of a major conflict comes in as she tries to figure out what to do with herself since she lost her powers.

Everything prior, though, is just a string of quiet vignettes wherein we get to know Kiki a bit better as she interacts with the citizens of her adopted home, many of whom don’t know quite what to make of the scrappy little witch. This is a story in a slower tempo and a gentler key.

Structural Differences Between Kishōtenketsu Story Structure and Western Plot

Often, the Monomyth is represented graphically as a circle, while kishōtenketsuis is rendered as a curly cue. But the Monomyth can just as easily be structured as a line. Let’s try doing exactly that with the moment of greatest disruption in mind, then compare it with kishōtenketsu’s shape, shall we?

In the Monomyth, that disruption occurs right within the first quarter of the story, during the Call to Adventure, whereas in Kishōtenketsu, the greatest moment of disruption happens just before the final quarter of the story, in the part called the “twist.” Now the percentages aren’t exact, but there’s a pretty obvious mirroring going on here. Put a pin in that, as we’ll return to this later.

Simple line diagram comparing the timing of major disruption in the Monomyth and Kishōtenketsu Story Structure.

A simplified visual comparison of narrative timing: in the Monomyth, disruption occurs early with the Call to Adventure, while in Kishōtenketsu the pivotal twist arrives much later, creating a mirrored structural rhythm.

Western Philosophy and the Monomyth: Aristotle’s Final Cause

The Western literary tradition owes quite a bit to Aristotle for his Poetics, the first major treatise on literary theory in the Western world. But I think there’s another philosophical concept he introduced that may have been just as influential: telos.

According to Aristotle everything has some telos, a final cause toward which it is striving—a purpose that will grant that thing ultimate meaning. Fulfillment, then, is found in striving toward and achieving that defining end.

This is precisely what we see represented in many Western stories, especially in the Monomyth. The virtuous ideal is of characters who actively work toward achieving some all-defining goal they believe will grant their lives ultimate meaning.

Eastern Philosophy and Kishōtenketsu: Harmony and Narrative Design

Three of the great sages of Eastern philosophy—Lao Tzu, Confucius, and the Buddha—on the other hand, all emphasized a life built around harmony. Respectively, they spoke of harmony with the natural order, with the social order, and with reality itself.

Lao Tzu suggested we can achieve harmony with nature by prioritizing effortless action (wuwei), flowing with events as they arrive, and accepting them as they are without striving to change them.

Confucius emphasized the importance of right relationship within family and community to create social harmony by accepting our role within the social hierarchy and playing it well.

Finally, the Buddha believed non-attachment to our desires freed us from suffering, because most desires will go unrealized, and even a desire fulfilled will never truly satisfy. By letting go of craving and aversion, we could live in harmony with reality itself.

Thus, according to the dominant philosophical schools of the East, the virtuous person fulfills their potential by flowing with life’s natural rhythms, maintaining balanced responsibility toward others within the social whole, and relinquishing our tendency to grasp for objects of desire.

Are Western and Eastern Story Structures Truly Opposites?

At first blush, these two literary traditions are diametric opposites in every way—both structurally and philosophically. The West seems to describe a rugged individual whose Normal World is disrupted by a Call to Adventure, which sends them off away from their community to seek their clear, specific, concrete goal. Meanwhile, the counterparts in the East are going about their day-to-day, enjoying life, only to have everything upended near the final act with the entry of a twist that provides them the opportunity to “roll with the punches” or “ride the wave,” as it were.

The first structure is simple and straightforward, while the second is subtle and nuanced. The former stars a protagonist who is clearly a hopeless materialist, bound by selfish desire, while the latter features a protagonist who is obviously enlightened and at peace.

Right?

I’ll be honest, for a while I found this kind of rhetoric compelling, even if I didn’t like or agree with the conclusions. Now, however, I’m not so sure. I think there’s something a bit more sophisticated going on in each narrative approach. But we’ll have to turn to yet another philosophical system (this time medieval rather than ancient) to better understand Western and Eastern structure, both on their own terms and together.

Vajrayana and the Synthesis of Western and Eastern Story Structure

I’ve come to believe that neither Western and Eastern story structure nor Western and Eastern philosophy are irreconcilable or even truly opposed. Rather, they represent two complementary halves of the human cycle, articulated in Vajrayana Buddhism as The Way of Method and The Way of Release.

In the Way of Method, like the active Western story structure, practitioners engage in transformative ritual practices rooted in mythic readings and reenactment. They may visualize themselves as heroes, saints, or deities—journeying through trials, gathering boons, enlisting the aid of fierce protectors, and invoking and embodying the qualities of enlightened entities. They enact these processes by reading myths daily, practicing imaginative magical rituals during which they may even dress as the entity invoked to heighten the power and clarity of the psychological effect. Through these practices, one embarks on quests, symbolically conquers inner obstacles, receives divine compassion or protection, and assumes a higher mode of being.

In the Way of Release, all striving is let go. One rests in open awareness that they have mystically internalized the qualities of the saint whose life they memorized and reenacted through visualizations. They have dissolved their constructed identity into the clarity and emptiness from which their patron deity arises, embodying that deity’s compassion in the world. They have won the loyalty and defense of their fierce protector, who now walks alongside them unseen but ever-present into all life’s battles. Here, integration replaces effort.

In Vajrayana, both modes of magical striving and mystical abiding are essential. Neither is prioritized over the other. It is a given in this tradition that, after living as the embodiment of a given saint, deity, or protector for some time, eventually you will have to set out again on another quest to find, evoke, and embody some other archetype whose skills and blessings are needed by you, your community, or both.

Conclusion: How Kishōtenketsu Story Structure and Western Plot Reflect Human Growth

Western and Eastern narrative structures each describe one phase of a shared human process.

  • The Western story arc mirrors the Way of Method: striving purposefully, transforming through pursuit, and becoming heroic.
  • The Eastern story arc mirrors the Way of Release: abiding in what has been realized, responding skillfully to life as it unfolds, and sharing one’s cultivated wisdom within the community.

Together, they form a living cycle—striving and resting, becoming and being, journeying and abiding. We set out to transform, return to embody what we have gained, and eventually depart again for the next stage of development.

So, there’s no East vs. West, no Monomyth vs. Kishōtenketsu. Each tradition emphasizes one phase in the pattern. The Queen must step into her power and establish order in her kingdom with wisdom and grace to ensure peace; only then can she relax into her role as Ruler and abide in loving service to her subjects…. until of course, it’s time for her to set out on the next quest, to take up the next archetypal mantle in her life’s journey, and to transform once again.

Eastern vs Western story structure illustration with a yin-yang made of stacked books symbolizing narrative contrast between Kishōtenketsu and the Monomyth.

Want More?

Another Note From KMW: One of the ideas Oliver explores in this post is how different story traditions emphasize different phases of transformation, sometimes highlighting the striving toward change and sometimes the integration that comes afterward. When we start looking at story through that wider lens, it naturally raises another question: What kind of transformation is actually happening in our characters?

This is something I’ve been exploring more deeply lately, which is why I created a new masterclass called Ego-Driven Character Arcs vs. Soul-Driven Character Arcs. I wanted to help writers look beyond the familiar Positive Change Arc and recognize two distinct modes of transformation within stories: the familiar “karmic” model in which characters resist growth until reality forces their hand, and another more “dharmic” model in which characters consciously choose the path of transformation.

Karmic vs Dharmic Arc Class Thumbnail

In the class, I’m going to be breaking down how ego-driven and soul-driven arcs operate structurally—particularly around key turning points like the Inciting Event, Midpoint, and Climax—and how this distinction can deepen both theme and mythic resonance. It’s a framework that integrates directly with the Lie/Truth model many of you are already using, while opening the door to stories in which characters pursue growth not just because they must, but because they choose to.

The class will go live April 1. It’s pre-recorded, so I can join you live in the chat for the whole thing.

(I’m also teaching another class two weeks later on “The Villain as an Aspect of the Hero’s Psyche.” If you’d like to go ahead and grab both classes, I’m offering a 15% discount for the bundle.)

Wordplayers, tell us your opinions! How do you see Kishōtenketsu story structure relating to the Monomyth or other Western models you’ve studied? Tell me in the comments!

The post Kishōtenketsu Story Structure: What It Is, How It Works, and How It Compares to Western Plotting appeared first on Helping Writers Become Authors.

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Author: Oliver Fox

Writing Emotion, Discovery Writing, And Slow Sustainable Book Marketing With Roz Morris

How do you capture something as enormous and personal as the feeling of “home” in a book? How can you navigate the chaotic discovery period in writing something new? With Roz Morris.

In the intro, KU vs Wide [Written Word Media]; Podcasts Overtake Radio, book marketing implications [The New Publishing Standard]; Tips for podcast guests;
The Vatican embraces AI for translation, but not for sermons [National Catholic Reporter]; NotebookLM; Self-Publishing in German; Bones of the Deep.

This episode is sponsored by Publisher Rocket, which will help you get your book in front of more Amazon readers so you can spend less time marketing and more time writing. I use Publisher Rocket for researching book titles, categories, and keywords — for new books and for updating my backlist. Check it out at www.PublisherRocket.com

This show is also supported by my Patrons. Join my Community at Patreon.com/thecreativepenn 

Roz Morris is an award-nominated literary fiction author, memoirist, and previously a bestselling ghostwriter. She writes writing craft books for authors under the Nail Your Novel brand, and is also an editor, speaker, and writing coach. Her latest travel memoir is Turn Right at the Rainbow: A Diary of House-Hunting, Happenstance & Home.

You can listen above or on your favorite podcast app or read the notes and links below. Here are the highlights and the full transcript is below. 

Show Notes

  • How being an indie author has evolved over 15 years, from ebooks-only to special editions, multi-voice audiobooks and tools to help with everything
  • Why “home” is such a powerful emotional theme and how to turn personal experiences into universal memoir
  • Practical craft tips on show-don’t-tell, writing about real people, and finding the right book title
  • The chaotic discovery writing phase — why some books take seven years and why that’s okay
  • Building a newsletter sustainably by finding your authentic voice (and the power of a good pet story)
  • Low-key book marketing strategies for memoir, including Roz’s community-driven “home” collage campaign

You can find Roz at RozMorris.org.

Transcript of the interview with Roz Morris

JOANNA: Roz Morris is an award-nominated literary fiction author, memoirist, and previously a bestselling ghostwriter. She writes writing craft books for authors under the Nail Your Novel brand, and is also an editor, speaker, and writing coach.

Her latest travel memoir is Turn Right at the Rainbow: A Diary of House-Hunting, Happenstance & Home.

Welcome back to the show, Roz.

ROZ: Hi, Jo. It’s so lovely to be back. I love that we managed to catch up every now and again on what we’re doing. We’ve been doing this for so long.

JOANNA: In fact, if people don’t know, the first time you came on this show was 2011, which is 15 years.

ROZ: I know!

JOANNA: It is so crazy. I guess we should say, we do know each other in person, in real life, but realistically we mainly catch up when you come on the podcast.

ROZ: Yes, we do, and by following what we’re doing around the web. So I read your newsletters, you read mine.

JOANNA: Exactly. So good to return. You write all kinds of different things, but let’s first take a look back. The first time you were on was 2011, 15 years ago. You’ve spanned traditional and indie, you’ve seen a lot. You know a lot of people in publishing as well.

What are the key things you think have shifted over the years, and why do you still choose indie for your work?

ROZ: Well, lots of things have shifted. Some things are more difficult now, some things are a lot easier.

We were lucky to be in right at the start and we learned the ropes and managed to make a lot of contacts with people. Now it’s much more difficult to get your work out there and noticed by readers. You have to be more knowledgeable about things like marketing and promotions.

But that said, there are now much better tools for doing all this. Some really smart people have put their brains to work about how authors can get their work to the right readers, and there’s also a lot more understanding of how that can be done in the modern world.

Everything is now much more niche-driven, isn’t it? People know exactly what kind of thriller they like or what kind of memoir they like. In the old days it was probably just, “Well, you like thrillers,” and that could be absolutely loads of things.

Now we can find far better who might like our work. The tools we have are astonishing. To start with, in about 2011, we could only really produce ebooks and paperbacks. That was it. Anything else, you’d have to get a print run that would be quite expensive.

Now we can get amazing, beautiful special editions made. We can do audiobooks, multi-voice audiobooks. We can do ebooks with all sorts of enhancements. We can even make apps if we want to. There’s absolutely loads that creators can do now that they couldn’t before, so it’s still a very exciting world.

JOANNA: When we first met, there was still a lot of negativity here in the UK around indie authors or self-publishing. That does feel like it’s shifted.

Do you think that stigma around self-publishing has changed?

ROZ: I think it has really changed, yes. To start with, we were regarded as a bit of the Wild West. We were just tramping in and making our mark in places that we hadn’t been invited into.

Now it’s changed entirely. I think we’ve managed to convince people that we have the same quality standards.

Readers don’t mind—I don’t think the readers ever minded, actually, so long as the book looked right, felt right, read right. It’s much easier now. It’s much more of a level playing field. We can prove ourselves. In fact, we don’t necessarily have to prove ourselves anymore. We just go and find readers.

JOANNA: Yes, I feel like that. I have nothing to prove. I just get on with my work and writing our books and putting them out there. We’ve got our own audiences now. I guess I always think of it as perhaps not a shadow industry, but almost a parallel industry.

You have spanned a lot of traditional publishing and you still do editing work. You know a lot of trad pub authors too.

Do you still actively choose indie for a particular reason?

ROZ: I do. I really like building my own body of work, and I’m now experienced enough to know what I do well, what I need advice with, and help with. I mean, we don’t do all this completely by ourselves, do we? We bring in experts who will give us the right feedback if we’re doing a new genre or a genre that’s new to us.

I choose indie because I like the control. Because I began in traditional publishing—I was making books for other people—I just learned all the trades and how to do everything to a professional standard. I love being able to apply that to my own work.

I also love the way I can decide what I’m going to write next. If I was traditionally published, I would have to do something that fitted with whatever the publisher would want of me, and that isn’t necessarily where my muse is taking me or what I’ve become interested in.

I think creative humans evolve throughout their lives. They become interested in different things, different themes, different ways of expressing themselves. I began by thinking I would just write novels, and now I’ve found myself writing memoirs as well.

That shift would have been difficult if someone else was having to make me fit into their marketing plans or what their imprint was known for. But because I’ve built my own audience, I can just bring them with me and say, “You might like this. It’s still me. I’m just doing something different.”

JOANNA: I like that phrase: “creative humans.” That’s what we are. As you say, I never thought I would write a memoir, and then I wrote Pilgrimage, and I think there’s probably another one on its way. We do these different things over time.

Let’s get into this new book, Turn Right at the Rainbow. It’s about the idea of home. I’ve talked a lot about home on my Books And Travel Podcast, but not so much here.

Why is home such an emotional topic, for both positive and negative reasons? Why did you want to explore it?

ROZ: I think home is so emotional because it grows around you and it grows on you very slowly without you really realising it. As you are not looking, you suddenly realise, “Oh, it means such a lot.”

I love to play this mind game with myself—if you compare what your street looks like to you now and how it looked the first time you set eyes on it, it’s a world of difference.

There are so many emotional layers that build up just because of the amount of time we spend in a place. It’s like a relationship, a very slow-growing friendship. And as you say, sometimes it can be negative as well.

I became really fascinated with this because we decided to move house and we’d lived in the same house for about 30 years, which is a lot of time. It had seen a lot of us—a lot of our lives, a lot of big decisions, a lot of good times, a lot of difficult times. I felt that was all somehow encapsulated in the place.

I know that readers of certain horror or even spiritual fiction will have this feeling that a place contains emotions and pasts and all sorts of vibes that just stay in there. When we were going around looking at a house to buy, I was thinking, “How do we even know how we will feel about it?”

We’re moving out of somewhere that has immense amounts of feelings and associations, and we’re trying to judge whether somewhere else will feel right. It just seemed like we were making a decision of cosmic proportions.

It comes down so much to chance as well. You’re not only just deciding, “Okay, I’d like to buy that one,” and pressing a button like on eBay and you’ve won it. It doesn’t happen like that. There are lots of middle steps.

The other person’s got to agree to sell to you, not do the dirty on you and sell to someone else. You’ve got all sorts of machinations going on that you have no idea about. And you only have what’s on offer—you only get an opportunity to buy a place because someone else has decided to let it go.

All this seemed like immense amounts of chance, of dice rolling. I thought, yet we end up in these places and they mean so much to us. It just blew my mind. I thought, “I’ve got to write about this.”

JOANNA: It’s really interesting, isn’t it? I really only started using the word “home” after the pandemic and living here in Bath. We had luckily just bought a house before then, and I’d never really considered anywhere to be a home.

I’ve talked about this idea of third culture kids—people who grow up between cultures and don’t feel like there’s a home anywhere.

I was really interested in your book because there’s so much about the functional things that have to happen when you move house or look for a house, and often people aren’t thinking about it as deeply as you are.

So did you start working on the memoir as you went to see places, or was it something you thought about when you were leaving?

Was it a “moving towards” kind of memoir or a “sad nostalgia” memoir?

ROZ: Well, it could have been very sad and nostalgic because I do like to write really emotional things, and they’re not necessarily for sharing with everybody, but I was very interested in the emotions of it.

I started keeping diaries. Some of them were just diaries I’d write down, some of them were emails I’d send to friends who were saying, “How’s it going?” And then I’d find I was just writing pieces rather than emails, and it built up really.

JOANNA: It’s interesting, you said you write emotional things. We mentioned nostalgia, and obviously there are memories in the home, but it’s very easy to say a word like “nostalgia” and everyone thinks that means different things. One of the important things about writing is to be very specific rather than general.

Can you give us some tips about how we can turn big emotions into specific written things that bring it alive for our readers?

ROZ: It’s really interesting that you mention nostalgia, because what we have to be careful of is not writing just for ourselves. It starts with us—our feelings about something, our responses, our curiosities—but we then have to let other people in.

There’s nothing more boring than reading something that’s just a memoir manuscript that doesn’t reach out to anyone in any way. It’s like looking through their holiday snaps.

What you have to do is somehow find something bigger in there that will allow everyone to connect and think, “Oh, this is about me too,” or “I’ve thought this too.”

As I said, we start with things that feel powerful and important for us, and I think we don’t necessarily need to go looking for them. They emerge the more deeply we think about what we’re writing. We find they’re building.

Certainly for me, it’s what pulls me back to an idea, thinking, “There’s something in this idea that’s really talking to me now. What is it?”

Often I’ll need to go for walks and things to let the logical mind turn off and ideas start coming in. But I’ll find that something is building and it seems to become more and more something that will speak to others rather than just to me.

That’s one way of doing it—by listening to your intuition and delving more and more until you find something that seems worth saying to other people.

But you could do it another way. If you decided you wanted to write a book about home, and you’d already got your big theme, you could then think, “Well, how will I make this into something manageable?” So you start with something big and build it into smaller-scale things that can be related to.

You might look at ideas of homes—situations of people who have lost their home, like the kind of displacement we see at the moment. Or we might look at another aspect, such as people who sell homes and what they must feel like being these go-betweens between worlds, between people who are doing these immense changes in their lives.

Or we might think of an ecological angle—the planet Earth and what we’re doing to it, or our place in the cosmos.

We might start with a thing we want to write about and then find, “How are we going to treat it?” That usually comes down to what appeals to us. It might be the ecological side. It might be the story of a few estate agents who are trying to sell homes for people. Or it might be like mine—just a personal story of trying to move house.

From that, we can create something that will have a wider resonance as well as starting with something that’s personally interesting to you. The big emotions will come out of that wider resonance.

JOANNA: Trying to go deeper on that—

It’s the “show, don’t tell” idea, isn’t it?

If you’d said, “I felt very sad about leaving my house” or “I felt very sad about the prospect of leaving my house,” that is not a whole book.

ROZ: Yes. It’s why you felt sad, how you felt sad, what it made you think of. That’s a very good point about “show, don’t tell,” which is a fundamental writing technique.

It basically tells people exactly how you feel about a particular thing, which is not the same as the way anyone else would feel about it—but still, curiously, it can be universal and something that we can all tap into.

Funnily enough, by being very specific, by saying, “I realised when we’d signed the contract to sell the house that it wasn’t ours anymore, and it had been, and I felt like I was betraying it,” that starts to get really personal.

People might think, “Yes, I felt like that too,” or “I hadn’t thought you’d feel like that, but I can understand it.” Those specifics are what really let people into the journey that you’re taking them on.

JOANNA: And isn’t this one of the challenges, that we’re not even going to use a word like “sad,” basically.

ROZ: Yes. It’s like, who was it who said, “Don’t tell me if they got wet—tell me how it felt to get wet in that particular situation.” Then the reader will think, “Oh yes, they got wet,” but they’ll also have had an experience that took them somewhere interesting.

JOANNA: Yes. Show me the raindrops on the umbrella and the splashing through the puddles. I think this is so important with big emotions.

Also, when we say nostalgia—we’ve talked before about Stranger Things and Kate Bush and the way Stranger Things used songs and nostalgia. Oh, I was watching Derry Girls—have you seen Derry Girls?

ROZ: No, I haven’t yet.

JOANNA: Oh, it’s brilliant. It’s so good. It’s pretty old now, but it’s a nineties soundtrack and I’m watching going, “Oh, they got this so right.” They just got it right with the songs. You feel nostalgic because you feel an emotion that is linked to that music.

It makes you feel a certain way, but everyone feels these things in different ways. I think that is a challenge of fiction, and also memoir. Certainly with memoir and fiction, this is so important.

ROZ: Yes, and I was just thinking with self-help books, it’s even important there because self-help books have to show they understand how the reader is feeling.

JOANNA: Yes, and sometimes you use anecdotes to do that.

Another challenge with memoir—in this book, you’re going round having a look at places, and they’re real places and there are real people. This can be difficult.

What are things that people need to be wary of if using real people in real places? Do you need permissions for things?

ROZ: That book was particularly tricky because, as you said, I was going around real places and talking about real people. With most of them, they’re not identifiable. Even though I was specific about particular aspects of particular houses, it would be very hard for anyone to know where those houses were.

I think possibly the only way you would recognise it is if that happened to be your own house. The people, similarly—there’s a lot about estate agents and other professionals. They were all real incidents and real things that happened, but no one is identifiable.

A very important thing about writing a book like this is you’re always going to have antagonists, because you have to have people who you’re finding difficult, people who are making life a bit difficult for you. You have to present them in a way that understands what it’s like to be them as well.

If you’re writing a book where your purpose is to expose wrongdoing or injustices, then you might be more forthright about just saying, “This is wrong, the way this person behaved was wrong.” You might identify villains if that’s appropriate, although you’d have to be very careful legally.

This kind of book is more nuanced. The antagonists were simply people who were trying to do the right thing for them. You have to understand what it’s like to be them.

Quite a lot of the time, I found that the real story was how ill-equipped I sometimes felt to deal with people who were maybe covering something up, or maybe not, but just not expressing themselves very clearly.

Estate agents who had an agenda, and I was thinking, “Who are they acting for? Are they acting for me, or are they acting for someone else that we don’t even know about?” There’s a fair bit of conflict in the book, but it comes from people being people and doing what they have to do.

I just wanted to find a good house in an area that was nice, a house I could trust and rely on, for a price that was right. The people who were selling to me just wanted to sell the house no matter what because that was what they needed to do.

You always have to understand what the other person’s point of view is. Often in this kind of memoir, even though you might be getting very frustrated, it’s best to also see a bit of a ridiculous side to yourself—when you’re getting grumpy, for instance.

It’s all just humans being humans in a situation where ultimately you’re going to end up doing a life-changing and important thing. I found there’s quite a lot of humour in that.

We were shuffling things around and, as I said, we were eventually going to be making a cosmic change that would affect the place we called home. I found that quite amusing in a lot of ways. I think you’ve got to be very levelheaded about this, particularly about writing about other people.

Sometimes you do have to ask for permission. I didn’t have to do that very much in this book. There were people I wrote about who are actually friends, who would recognise themselves and their stories. I checked that they didn’t mind me quoting particular things, and they were all fine with that.

In my previous memoir, Not Quite Lost, I actually wrote about a group of people who were completely identifiable. They would definitely have known who they were, and other people would have known who they were. There was no hiding them.

They were the people near Brighton who were cryonicists—preserving dead bodies, freezing them, in the hope that they could be revived at a much later date when science had solved the problem that killed them.

I went to visit this group of cryonicists, and I’d written a diary about it at the time. Then I followed up when I was writing the book to find out what happened to them. I thought, I’ve simply got to contact them and tell them I’m going to write this. “I’ll send it to you, you give me your comments,” and I did.

They gave me some good comments and said, “Oh, please don’t put that,” or “Let me clarify this.” Everything was fine. So there I did actually seek them out and check that what I was going to write was okay.

JOANNA: Yes, in that situation, there can’t be many cryonicists in that area.

ROZ: They really were identifiable.

JOANNA: There’s probably only one group! But this is really interesting, because obviously memoir is a personal thing. You’re curating who you are as well in the book, and your husband. I think it’s interesting, because I had the problem of “Am I giving away too much about myself?”

Do you feel like with everything you’ve written, you’ve already given away everything about yourself by now?

Are you just completely relaxed about being personal, for yourself and for your husband?

ROZ: I think I have become more relaxed about it. My first memoir wasn’t nearly as personal as yours was. You were going to some quite difficult places.

With Turn Right at the Rainbow, I was approaching some darker places, actually, and I had to consider how much to reveal and how much not to. But I found once I started writing, the honesty just took over.

I thought, “This is fine. I have read plenty of books that have done this, and I’ve loved them. I’ve loved getting to know someone on that deeper level.” It was just something I took my example from—other writers I’d enjoyed.

JOANNA: Yes. I think that’s definitely the way memoir has to happen, because it can be very hard to know how to structure it.

Let’s come to the title. Turn Right at the Rainbow. Really great title, and obviously a subtitle which is important as well for theme.

Talk about where the title came from and also the challenges of titling books of any genre.

You’ve had some other great titles for your novels—at least titles I’ve thought, “Oh yes, that’s perfect.” Titling can be really hard.

ROZ: Oh, thank you for that. Yes, it is hard. Ever Rest, which was the title of my last novel, just came to me early on. I was very lucky with that. It fitted the themes and it fitted what was going on, but it was just a bolt from the blue.

I found that also with Turn Right at the Rainbow, it was an accident. It slipped out. I was going to call it something else, and then this incident happened. “Turn Right at the Rainbow” is actually one of the stories in the book. I call it the title track, as if it’s an album.

We were going somewhere in the car and the sat nav said, “Turn right at the rainbow.” And Dave and I just fell about, “What did it just say?!” It also seemed to really sum up the journey we were on. We were looking for rainbows and pots of gold and completely at the mercy of chance.

It just stayed with me. It seemed the right thing. I wrote the piece first and then I kept thinking, “Well, this sounds like a good title.” Dave said it sounded like a good title. And then a friend of mine who does a lot of beta reading for me said, “Oh, that is the title, isn’t it?” When several people tell you that’s the title, you’ve got to take notice.

But how we find these things is more difficult, as you said. You just work and work at it, beating your head against the wall. I find they always come to me when I’m not looking. It really helps to do something like exercise, which will put you in a bit of a different mind state. Do you find this as well?

JOANNA: Yes, I often like a title earlier on that then changes as the book goes. I mean, we’re both discovery writers really, although you do reverse outlines and other things. You have a chaotic discovery phase.

I feel like when I’m in that phase, it might be called something, and then I often find that’s not what it ends up being, because the book has actually changed in the process.

ROZ: Yes, very much. That’s part of how we realise what we should be writing. I do have working titles and then something might come along and say, “This seems actually like what you should call it and what you’ve been working towards, what you’ve been discovering about it.”

I think a good title has a real sense of emotional frisson as well. With memoir, it’s easier because we can add a subtitle to explain what we mean. With fiction, it’s more difficult. We’ve got to really hope that it all comes through those few words, and that’s a bit harder.

JOANNA: Let’s talk about your next book. On your website it says it might be a novel, it might be narrative nonfiction, and you have a working title of Four.

I wondered if you’d talk a bit more about this chaotic discovery writing phase when we just don’t know what’s coming.

I feel like you and I have been doing this long enough—you longer than me—so maybe we’re okay with it. But newer writers might find this stage really difficult. Where’s the fun in it? Why is it so difficult? And how can people deal with it?

ROZ: You’ve summed that up really well. It’s fun and it’s difficult, and I still find it difficult even after all these years. I have to remind myself, looking back at where Ever Rest started, because that was a particularly difficult one. It took me seven years to work out what to do with it, and I wrote three other books in the meantime.

It just comes together in the end. What I find is that something takes root in my mind and it collects things. The title you just picked out there—the book with working title of Four—it’s now two books. One possibly another memoir and one possibly fiction.

It’s evolving all the time. I’m just collecting what seems to go with it for now and thinking, “That belongs with it somehow. I don’t yet know how, but my intuition is that the two work well together.” There’s a harmony there that I see.

In the very early stages, that’s what I find something is. Then I might get a more concrete idea, say a piece of story or a character, and I’ll have the feeling that they really fit together.

Once I’ve got something concrete like that, I can start doing more active research to pursue the idea. But in the beginning, they’re all just little twinkles in the eye and you just have to let them develop.

If you want to get started on something because you feel you want to get started and you don’t feel happy if you’re not working on something, you could do a far more active kind of discovery. Writing lists. Lists are great for this.

I find lists of what you don’t want it to be are just as helpful as what you do want it to be because that certainly narrows down a lot and helps you make good choices.

You’ve got a lot of choices to make at the beginning of a book. You’ve got to decide: What’s it going to be about? What isn’t it going to be about? What kind of characters am I interested in? What kind of situations am I interested in?

What doesn’t interest me about this situation? Very important—saves you a lot of time. What does interest me?

If you can start by doing that kind of thing, you will find that you start gathering stuff that gets attracted to it. It’s almost like the world starts giving it to you. This is discovery writing, but it’s also chivvying it along a bit and getting going. It does work.

Joanna: I like the idea of listing what you don’t want it to be.

I think that’s very useful because often writers, especially in the early stages—or even not, I still struggle with this—it’s knowing what genre it might actually be.

With Bones of the Deep, which is my next thriller, it was originally going to be horror and I was writing it, and then I realised one of the big differences between horror and thriller is the ending and how character arcs are resolved and the way things are written.

I was just like, “Do you know what? I actually feel like this is more thriller than horror,” and that really shaped the direction. Even though so much of it was the same, it shaped a lot about the book.

It’s always hard talking about this stuff without giving spoilers, but I think deciding, “Okay, this is not a horror,” actually helped me find my way back to thriller.

ROZ: Yes, I do know what you mean. That makes perfect sense to me, with no spoilers either. It’s so interesting how a very broad-strokes picture like that can still be very helpful. Just trying to make something a bit different from the way you’ve been envisaging it can lead to massive breakthroughs.

“Oh no, it’s not a thriller—I don’t have to be aiming for that kind of effect.” Or try changing the tone a little bit and see if that just makes you happier with what you’re making, more comfortable with it.

JOANNA: You mentioned the seven years that Ever Rest took. We should say the title is in two words—”Ever” and “Rest”—but it is also about Everest the mountain in many ways. That’s why it’s such a perfect title.

If that took seven years and you were doing all this other stuff and writing other books along the way, how do you keep your research under control? How do you do that? I still use Scrivener projects as my main research place.

How do you do your research and organisation?

ROZ: A lot of scraps of paper. My desk is massive. It used to be a dining table with leaves in it. It’s spread out to its fullest length, and it’s got heaps of little pieces of paper. I know what’s on them all, and there are different areas, different zones.

I’m very much a paper writer because I like the tangibility of it. I also like the creativity of taking a piece of paper and tearing it into an odd shape and writing a note on that. It seems as sort of profound and lucky as the idea. I really like that.

I do make text files and keep notes that way. Once something is starting to get to a phase where it’s becoming serious, it will then be a folder with various files that discuss different aspects of it.

I do a lot of discussing with myself while writing, and I don’t necessarily look at it all again. The writing of it clarifies something or allows me to put something aside and say, “No, that doesn’t quite belong.”

Gradually I start to look at things, look at what I’ve gathered, and think, “How does this fit with this?” And it helps to look away as well. As I said with finding titles, sometimes the right thing is in your subconscious and it’s waiting to just sail in if you look at it in a different way.

There’s a lot to be said for working on several ideas, not looking at some of them for a while, then going back and thinking, “Oh, I know what to do with this now.”

JOANNA: Yes. My Writing the Shadow, I was talking about that when we met, and that definitely took about a decade.

ROZ: Yes.

JOANNA: I kept having to come back to that, and sometimes we’re just not ready.

Even as experienced writers, we’re not ready for a particular book.

With Bones of the Deep, I did the trip that it’s based on in 1999. Since I became a writer, I’ve thought I have to use that trip in some way, and I never found the right way to use it. I came at it a couple of times and it just never sat right with me.

Then something on this master’s course I’m doing around human remains and indigenous cultures just suddenly all clicked. You can’t really rush that, can you?

ROZ: You absolutely can’t. It’s something you develop a sense for, the more you do—whether something’s ready or whether you should just let it think about itself for a while whilst you work on something else.

It really helps to have something else to work on because I panic a bit if I don’t have something creative to do. I just have to create, I have to make things, particularly in writing. But I also like doing various little arty things as well. I need to always have something to be writing about or exploring in words.

Sometimes a book isn’t ready for that intense pressure of being properly written. So it helps to have several things that I can play with and then pick one and go, “Okay, now I’m going to really perform this on the page.”

JOANNA: Do you find that nonfiction—because you have some craft books as well—do you find the nonfiction side is quite different? Can you almost just go and write a nonfiction book or work on someone else’s project?

Does that use a different kind of creativity?

ROZ: Yes, it does. Creativity where you’re trying to explain something to creative people is totally different from creativity where you’re trying to involve them in emotions and a journey and nuances of meaning. They’re very different, but they’re still fun.

So, yes, I am an editor as well, and that feeds my creativity in various unexpected ways. I’ll see what someone has done and think, “Oh, that’s very interesting that they did that.”

It can make me think in different ways—different shapes for stories, different kinds of characters to have. It really opens your eyes, working with other creative people.

JOANNA: I wanted to return to what you said at the beginning, that it is more difficult these days to get our work noticed. There’s certainly a challenge in writing a travel memoir about home. What are you doing to market this book?

What have you learned about book marketing for memoir in particular that might help other people?

ROZ: Partly I realised it was quite a natural progression for me because in my newsletter I always write a couple of little pieces. I think they’re called “life writing.” Just little things that have happened to me. That’s sort of like memoir, creative nonfiction, personal essays.

I was quite naturally writing that sort of thing to my newsletter readers, and I realised that was already good preparation for the kind of way that I would write in a memoir.

As for the actual campaign, I actually came up with an idea which quite surprised me because I didn’t think I was good at that. I’m making a collage of the word “home” written in lots of different handwriting, on lots of different things, in lots of different languages.

I’m getting people to contribute these and send them to me, and I’m building them into a series of collages that’s just got the word “home” everywhere. People have been contributing them by sending them by email or on Facebook Messenger, and I’ve been putting them up on my social platforms.

They look stunning. It’s amazing. People are writing the word “home” on a post-it or sticking it to a picture of their radiator. Someone wrote it in snow on her car when we had snow.

Someone wrote it on a pottery shard she found in her drive when she bought the house. She thought it was mysterious. There are all these lovely stories that people are telling me as well.

I’m making them into little artworks and putting them up every day as the book comes to launch. It’s so much fun, and it also has a deeper purpose because it shows how home is different for all of us and how it builds as uniquely as our handwriting. Our handwriting has a story. I should do a book about that!

JOANNA: That’s a weird one. Handwriting always gets me, although it’d be interesting these days because so many people don’t handwrite things anymore. You can probably tell the age of someone by how well-developed their handwriting is.

ROZ: Except mine has just withered. I can barely write for more than a few minutes.

JOANNA: Oh, I know what you mean. Your hand gets really tired.

ROZ: We used to write three-hour exams. How did we do that?

JOANNA: I really don’t know.

JOANNA: Just coming back on that. You mentioned mainly you’re doing your newsletter and connecting with your own community. You’ve done podcasts with me and with other people. But I feel like in the indie community, the whole “you must build your newsletter” thing is described as something quite frantic.

How have you built a newsletter in a sustainable manner?

ROZ: I’ve built it by finding what suited me. To start with I thought, “What will I put in it? News, obviously.” But I wasn’t doing that much that was newsworthy. Then I began to examine what news could actually be.

The turning point really happened when I wrote the first memoir, Not Quite Lost: Travels Without a Sense of Direction. I thought, “I have to explain to people why I’m writing a memoir,” because it seemed like a very audacious thing to do—”Read about me!” I thought I had to explain myself.

So I told the story of how I came to think about writing such an audacious book. I just found a natural way to tell stories about what I was doing creatively.

I thought, “I like this. I like writing a newsletter like this.” And it’s not all me, me, me. It’s “I’m discovering this and it makes me think this,” and it just seems to be generally about life, about little questions that we might all face.

From then, I found I really enjoyed writing a newsletter because I felt I had something to say. I couldn’t put lists of where I was speaking, what I was teaching, what special offers I had, because that wasn’t really how my creative life worked.

Once I found something I could sustainably write about every month, it really helped. Oh, it also helps to have a pet, by the way.

JOANNA: Yes, you have a horse!

ROZ: I’ve got a horse. People absolutely love hearing the stories about my ongoing relationship with this horse. Even if they’re not horsey, they write to me and say, “We just love your horse.” It helps to have a human interest thing going on like that.

So that works for me. Everyone’s got different things that will work for them. But for me, it builds just a sense of connection, human connection. I’m human, making things.

JOANNA: In terms of actually getting people signed up—has it literally just been over time? People have read your book, signed up from the link at the back?

Have you ever done any specific growth marketing around your newsletter?

ROZ: I tried a little bit of growth marketing. I have a freebie version of one of my Nail Your Novel books and I put that on a promotion site. I got lots of newsletter signups, but they sort of dwindled away.

When I get unsubscribes, it’s usually from that list, because it wasn’t really what they came for. They just came for a free book of writing tips. While I do writing tips on my blog—I’m still doing those—it wasn’t really what my newsletter was about.

What I found was that that wasn’t going to get people who were going to be interested long-term in what I was writing about in my newsletter. Whatever you do, I found, has got to be true to what you are actually giving them.

JOANNA: Yes, I think that’s really key. I make sure I email once every couple of weeks. And you welcome the unsubscribes. You have to welcome them because those people are not right for you and they’re not interested in what you’re doing.

At the end of the day, we’re still trying to sell books. As much as you’re enjoying the connection with your audience, you are still trying to sell Turn Right at the Rainbow and your other books, right?

ROZ: Absolutely, yes. And as you say, someone who decides, “No, not for me anymore,” and that’s good. There are still people who you are right for.

JOANNA: Mm-hmm.

ROZ: I do market my newsletter in a very low-key way. I make a graphic every month for the newsletter, it’s like a magazine cover. “What’s in it?” And I put that around all my social media. I change my Facebook page header so it’s got that on it, my Bluesky header.

People can see what it’s like, what the vibe is, and they know where to find it if they’re interested. I find that kind of low-key approach works quite well for what I’m offering. It’s got to be true to what you offer.

JOANNA: Yes, and true for a long-term career, I think. When I first met you and your husband Dave, it was like, “Oh, here are some people who are in this writing business, have already been in it for a while.” And both of you are still here. I just feel like—

You have to do it in a sustainable way, whether it’s writing or marketing or any of this.

The only way to do it is to, as you said, live as a creative human and not make it all frantic and “must be now.”

ROZ: Yes. I mean, I do have to-do lists that are quite long for every week, but I’ve learned to pace myself. I’ve learned how often I can write a good blog post. I could churn out blog posts that were far more frequent, but they wouldn’t be as good. They wouldn’t be as properly thought through.

In the old days with blogs, you had an advantage if you were blogging very frequently, I think you got more noticed by Google because you were constantly putting up fresh content. But if that’s not sustainable for you, it’s not going to do you any good.

Now there’s so much content around that it’s probably fine to post once a month if that is what you’re going to do and how you’re going to present the best of yourself.

I see a lot on Substack—I’ve recently started Substack as well—I see people writing every other day. I think they’re good, that’s interesting, but I don’t have time to read it. I would love to have the time, but I don’t.

So there’s actually no sin in only posting once a month—one newsletter a month, one blog post a month, one Substack a month. That’s plenty. People will still find that enough if they get you.

JOANNA: Fantastic.

So where can people find you and your books and everything you do online?

ROZ: My website is probably the easiest place, RozMorris.org.

JOANNA: Brilliant. Well, thank you so much for your time, Roz. As ever, that was great.

ROZ: Thank you, Jo.

The post Writing Emotion, Discovery Writing, And Slow Sustainable Book Marketing With Roz Morris first appeared on The Creative Penn.

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Author: Joanna Penn